From Waste to Innovation: A Review on Textile Waste-Based Composite Materials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38032/jea.2025.04.003Keywords:
Textile waste, Composite Materials, Sustainable developmentAbstract
The continuous acceleration of the textile industry, fueled by fast fashion and global demand, has led to the generation of millions of tons of textile waste throughout the world. Eventually, these textile wastes are dumped into the landfill or incinerated, which causes air, water, and soil pollution. Due to this issue, serious consequences for public health and the environment are arising. Considering this global environmental crisis, this review dives into the possibility of using textile waste in order to produce composite materials. This paper highlights various types and sources of textile wastes, followed by a detailed overview of several manufacturing methods such as compression molding, vacuum bag molding, and injection molding. The developed materials were further characterized for their mechanical, thermal, and acoustic behaviors. Results from different studies report that waste-based composites can exhibit high strength, good ductility, thermal insulation, and sound absorption properties. The alternative materials presented showcase tremendous potential across multiple industries, including automotive, construction, furniture, and electronics. Producing quality alternative materials from textile waste is an approach that supports the principles of the circular economy and promotes sustainable development. The review accentuates the significance of continuous research and innovation in the process of transforming textile waste into useful resources through eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions.
References
[1] Sandin, G. and Peters, G.M., 2018. Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling–A review. Journal of cleaner production, 184, pp.353-365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.266
[2] R. Shishoo, “Introduction: trends in the global textile industry,” in The Global Textile and Clothing Industry, Elsevier, 2012, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1533/9780857095626.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095626.1
[3] Pensupa, N., Leu, S.Y., Hu, Y., Du, C., Liu, H., Jing, H., Wang, H. and Lin, C.S.K., 2017. Recent trends in sustainable textile waste recycling methods: current situation and future prospects. Chemistry and chemical technologies in waste valorization, pp.189-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90653-9_7
[4] Maalouf, M.M., Hasle, P., Vang, J. and Hamja, A., 2021. Complementarities between operations and occupational health and safety in garments. Sustainability, 13(8), p.4313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084313
[5] Hamja, A., Maalouf, M. and Hasle, P., 2019. The effect of lean on occupational health and safety and productivity in the garment industry–a literature review. Production & Manufacturing Research, 7(1), pp.316-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21693277.2019.1620652
[6] Habib, M.A., Bao, Y., Nabi, N., Dulal, M., Asha, A.A. and Islam, M., 2021. Impact of strategic orientations on the implementation of green supply chain management practices and sustainable firm performance. Sustainability, 13(1), p.340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010340
[7] “Bangladesh Knitwear Sector contribution to the Socio-economic dynamics in the country,” https://www.bkmea.com/about/knitware. Accessed: Mar. 27, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://bkmea.com
[8] Baccouch, W., Ghith, A., Yalcin-Enis, I., Sezgin, H., Miled, W., Legrand, X. and Faten, F., 2022. Investigation of the mechanical, thermal, and acoustical behaviors of cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester nonwoven wastes reinforced epoxy composites. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 51(6), pp.876-899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720901864
[9] Kamble, Z., Behera, B.K., Kimura, T. and Haruhiro, I., 2022. Development and characterization of thermoset nanocomposites reinforced with cotton fibres recovered from textile waste. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 51(2_suppl), pp.2026S-2052S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083720913535
[10] Zonatti, W.F., Guimarães, B.M.G., Duleba, W. and Ramos, J.B., 2015. Thermoset composites reinforced with recycled cotton textile residues. Textiles and Clothing Sustainability, 1(1), p.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40689-014-0001-7
[11] Wang, Y., 2010. Fiber and textile waste utilization. Waste and biomass valorization, 1(1), pp.135-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-009-9005-y
[12] “Towards the Circular Economy – Ellen Macarthur Foundation | UNFCCC.” Accessed: Sep. 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/documents/66280?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwr9m3BhDHARIsANut04YoUWK9epeUpaFEVGfeu_uhZSE9gSU8pj3VXGGuHtub33SWwdbfSKcaAmqvEALw_wcB
[13] Navone, L., Moffitt, K., Hansen, K.A., Blinco, J., Payne, A. and Speight, R., 2020. Closing the textile loop: Enzymatic fibre separation and recycling of wool/polyester fabric blends. Waste Management, 102, pp.149-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.026
[14] Sarkar, A., Qian, L. and Peau, A.K., 2020. Overview of green business practices within the Bangladeshi RMG industry: competitiveness and sustainable development perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(18), pp.22888-22901. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08816-y
[15] Uddin, M.A., Afroj, S., Hasan, T., Carr, C., Novoselov, K.S. and Karim, N., 2022. Environmental impacts of personal protective clothing used to combat COVID‐19. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 6(1), p.2100176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202100176
[16] Marshall, R.E. and Farahbakhsh, K., 2013. Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste management, 33(4), pp.988-1003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.12.023
[17] Guerrero, L.A., Maas, G. and Hogland, W., 2013. Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste management, 33(1), pp.220-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008
[18] Burnley, S.J., 2007. A review of municipal solid waste composition in the United Kingdom. Waste management, 27(10), pp.1274-1285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.06.018
[19] Adeniran, A.E., Nubi, A.T. and Adelopo, A.O., 2017. Solid waste generation and characterization in the University of Lagos for a sustainable waste management. Waste management, 67, pp.3-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.002
[20] Shirvanimoghaddam, K., Motamed, B., Ramakrishna, S. and Naebe, M., 2020. Death by waste: Fashion and textile circular economy case. Science of the total environment, 718, p.137317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137317
[21] Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N.M. and Hultink, E.J., 2017. The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm?. Journal of cleaner production, 143, pp.757-768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.048
[22] Kirchherr, J., Reike, D. and Hekkert, M., 2017. Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resources, conservation and recycling, 127, pp.221-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005
[23] Lüdeke‐Freund, F., Gold, S. and Bocken, N.M., 2019. A review and typology of circular economy business model patterns. Journal of industrial ecology, 23(1), pp.36-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12763
[24] Newell, A., 2015. Textile waste resource recovery: A case study of New York State’s textile recycling system.
[25] Wanassi, B., Azzouz, B. and Hassen, M.B., 2016. Value-added waste cotton yarn: optimization of recycling process and spinning of reclaimed fibers. Industrial crops and products, 87, pp.27-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.020
[26] Lv, F., Wang, C., Zhu, P. and Zhang, C., 2015. Isolation and recovery of cellulose from waste nylon/cotton blended fabrics by 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Carbohydrate Polymers, 123, pp.424-431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.043
[27] Serra, A., Tarrés, Q., Claramunt, J., Mutjé, P., Ardanuy, M. and Espinach, F.X., 2017. Behavior of the interphase of dyed cotton residue flocks reinforced polypropylene composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 128, pp.200-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.015
[28] Domina, T. and Koch, K., 1997. The textile waste lifecycle. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 15(2), pp.96-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X9701500204
[29] Bhatia, D., Sharma, A. and Malhotra, U., 2014. Recycled fibers: an overview. International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, 4(4), pp.77-82.
[30] Rubino, C., Liuzzi, S., Martellotta, F. and Stefanizzi, P., 2018. Textile wastes in building sector: A review. Model. Meas. Control B, 87(3), pp.172-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/mmc_b.870309
[31] Roushan, M., 2025. Study on the use of fabric wastes as an energy source for boiler by incineration process. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 47(1), pp.3535-3546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1856236
[32] Aus, R., Moora, H., Vihma, M., Unt, R., Kiisa, M. and Kapur, S., 2021. Designing for circular fashion: integrating upcycling into conventional garment manufacturing processes. Fashion and Textiles, 8(1), p.34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-021-00262-9
[33] Dissanayake, D.G.K., Weerasinghe, D.U., Wijesinghe, K.A.P. and Kalpage, K.M.D.M.P., 2018. Developing a compression moulded thermal insulation panel using postindustrial textile waste. Waste Management, 79, pp.356-361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.001
[34] Alves, D.I., Barreiros, M., Fangueiro, R. and Ferreira, D.P., 2024. Valorization of textile waste: non-woven structures and composites. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, p.1365162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1365162
[35] Islam, S. and Bhat, G., 2019. Environmentally-friendly thermal and acoustic insulation materials from recycled textiles. Journal of environmental management, 251, p.109536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109536
[36] Echeverria, C.A., Handoko, W., Pahlevani, F. and Sahajwalla, V., 2019. Cascading use of textile waste for the advancement of fibre reinforced composites for building applications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 208, pp.1524-1536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.227
[37] Akter, M.M.K., Haq, U.N., Islam, M.M. and Uddin, M.A., 2022. Textile-apparel manufacturing and material waste management in the circular economy: A conceptual model to achieve sustainable development goal (SDG) 12 for Bangladesh. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 4, p.100070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2022.100070
[38] Sanjay, M.R. and Yogesha, B., 2017. Studies on natural/glass fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites: An evolution. Materials today: proceedings, 4(2), pp.2739-2747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.151
[39] Prasad, V., Muhammed Hunize, C.V., Abhiraj, R.I., Jospeh, M.A., Sekar, K. and Ali, M., 2019. Mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced composites manufactured using hand layup and compression molding—a comparison. In Advances in industrial and production engineering: select proceedings of FLAME 2018 (pp. 781-789). Singapore: Springer Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6412-9_72
[40] Rouison, D., Sain, M. and Couturier, M., 2003. Resin‐transfer molding of natural fiber–reinforced plastic. I. Kinetic study of an unsaturated polyester resin containing an inhibitor and various promoters. Journal of applied polymer science, 89(9), pp.2553-2561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12461
[41] Williams, G.I. and Wool, R.P., 2000. Composites from Natural Fibers and Soy Oil Resins. Applied Composite Materials, 7(5-6), pp.421-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026583404899
[42] Bodur, M.S., Sonmez, H.E. and Bakkal, M., 2017. An investigation for the effect of recycled matrix on the properties of textile waste cotton fiber reinforced (T‐FRP) composites. Polymer Composites, 38(7), pp.1231-1240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23687
[43] Valverde, I.C., Castilla, L.H., Nuñez, D.F., Rodriguez-Senín, E. and De La Mano Ferreira, R., 2013. Development of new insulation panels based on textile recycled fibers. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 4(1), pp.139-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-012-9124-8
[44] Wondmagegnehu, B.T., Paramasivam, V. and Selvaraj, S.K., 2021. Fabricated and analyzed the mechanical properties of textile waste/glass fiber hybrid composite material. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, pp.7297-7303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.984
[45] Milanese, A.C., Cioffi, M.O.H. and Voorwald, H.J.C., 2011. Mechanical behavior of natural fiber composites. Procedia Engineering, 10, pp.2022-2027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.335
[46] Billah, M.M., Rabbi, M.S. and Hasan, A., 2021. A review on developments in manufacturing process and mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. Journal of Engineering Advancements, 2(01), pp.13-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.38032/jea.2021.01.003
[47] Kumar, N. and Das, D., 2017. Fibrous biocomposites from nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) and poly (lactic acid) fibers for automotive dashboard panel application. Composites Part B: Engineering, 130, pp.54-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.059
[48] Kamble, Z. and Behera, B.K., 2020. Mechanical properties and water absorption characteristics of composites reinforced with cotton fibres recovered from textile waste. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics, 15, p.1558925020901530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925020901530
[49] Kamble, Z., Behera, B.K., Mishra, R. and Behera, P.K., 2021. Influence of cellulosic and non-cellulosic particle fillers on mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermogravimetric properties of waste cotton fibre reinforced green composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 207, p.108595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108595
[50] Kamble, Z. and Behera, B.K., 2021. Sustainable hybrid composites reinforced with textile waste for construction and building applications. Construction and Building Materials, 284, p.122800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122800
[51] Mishra, R., Behera, B. and Militky, J., 2014. Recycling of textile waste into green composites: performance characterization. Polymer composites, 35(10), pp.1960-1967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22855
[52] Muthuraj, R., Lacoste, C., Lacroix, P. and Bergeret, A., 2019. Sustainable thermal insulation biocomposites from rice husk, wheat husk, wood fibers and textile waste fibers: Elaboration and performances evaluation. Industrial Crops and Products, 135, pp.238-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.053
[53] Gómez Gómez, J., González Madariaga, F., Rosa Sierra, L., León Morán, R. and Abt, T., 2016. Scrap denim-PP composites as a material for new product design. Systems&Design: Beyond Processes and Thinking. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/IFDP.2016.3360
[54] Ramamoorthy, S.K., Persson, A. and Skrifvars, M., 2014. Reusing textile waste as reinforcements in composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(17). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40687
[55] Al Mahmud, M.Z., Chowdhury, M.S., Rayhan, M.T., Sarker, M.A.H., Reja, R.I., Hossain, N., Rabbi, S.F., Mobarak, M.H. and Hossain, N., 2024. Epoxy resin composites reinforced with upcycled fabrics: mechanical, thermal, and morphological analysis. SPE Polymers, 5(4), pp.624-636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pls2.10150
[56] Barbanera, M., Belloni, E., Buratti, C., Calabrò, G., Marconi, M., Merli, F. and Armentano, I., 2020. Recycled leather cutting waste-based boards: thermal, acoustic, hygrothermal and ignitability properties. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(5), pp.1339-1351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-01024-3
[57] Juciene, M., Dobilaitė, V., Albrektas, D. and Bliūdžius, R., 2022. Investigation and evaluation of the performance of interior finishing panels made from denim textile waste. Textile Research Journal, 92(23-24), pp.4666-4677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175221109636
[58] Rubino, C., Bonet Aracil, M., Gisbert-Payá, J., Liuzzi, S., Stefanizzi, P., Zamorano Cantó, M. and Martellotta, F., 2019. Composite eco-friendly sound absorbing materials made of recycled textile waste and biopolymers. Materials, 12(23), p.4020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12234020
[59] Rajkumar, G., Srinivasan, J. and Suvitha, L., 2013. Development of novel silk/wool hybrid fibre polypropylene composites. Iranian Polymer Journal, 22(4), pp.277-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-013-0128-4
[60] Dissanayake, D.G.K., Weerasinghe, D.U., Thebuwanage, L.M. and Bandara, U.A.A.N., 2021. An environmentally friendly sound insulation material from post-industrial textile waste and natural rubber. Journal of Building Engineering, 33, p.101606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101606
[61] Kim, S.J., Moon, J.B., Kim, G.H. and Ha, C.S., 2008. Mechanical properties of polypropylene/natural fiber composites: Comparison of wood fiber and cotton fiber. Polymer testing, 27(7), pp.801-806. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.06.002
[62] Rodríguez, E., Petrucci, R., Puglia, D., Kenny, J.M. and Vazquez, A., 2005. Characterization of composites based on natural and glass fibers obtained by vacuum infusion. Journal of composite materials, 39(3), pp.265-282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998305046450
[63] Spasojevic, P.M., 2019. Thermal and rheological properties of unsaturated polyester resins-based composites. In Unsaturated polyester resins (pp. 367-406). Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816129-6.00015-6
[64] Baccouch, W., Ghith, A., Yalcin-Enis, I., Sezgin, H., Miled, W., Legrand, X. and Faten, F., 2020. Enhancement of fiber-matrix interface of recycled cotton fibers reinforced epoxy composite for improved mechanical properties. Materials Research Express, 7(1), p.015340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6c04
[65] Xu, C., Gu, Y., Yang, Z., Li, M., Li, Y. and Zhang, Z., 2016. Mechanical properties of surface-treated ramie fiber fabric/epoxy resin composite fabricated by vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding with hot compaction. Journal of Composite Materials, 50(9), pp.1189-1198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315590259
[66] Karahan, M., Masood, Z., Nawab, Y. and Karahan, N., 2017, June. Development and characterization of hybrid green composites from textile waste. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 37-49). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60474-9_4
[67] Meng, X., Fan, W., Ma, Y., Wei, T., Dou, H., Yang, X., Tian, H., Yu, Y., Zhang, T. and Gao, L., 2020. Recycling of denim fabric wastes into high-performance composites using the needle-punching nonwoven fabrication route. Textile Research Journal, 90(5-6), pp.695-709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517519870317
[68] Umar, M., Shaker, K., Ahmad, S., Nawab, Y., Umair, M. and Maqsood, M., 2017. Investigating the mechanical behavior of composites made from textile industry waste. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 108(5), pp.835-839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2016.1193982
[69] Özen, M., Demircan, G., Kisa, M. and İlik, Z., 2020. Investigation of usability of waste textile fabrics in composites. Emerging Materials Research, 9(1), pp.18-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.18.00106
[70] Masood, Z., Ahmad, S., Umair, M., Shaker, K., Nawab, Y. and Karahan, M.E.H.M.E.T., 2018. Mechanical behaviour of hybrid composites developed from textile waste. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 26(1 (127)). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7796
[71] Thomason, J.L. and Rudeiros-Fernández, J.L., 2018. A review of the impact performance of natural fiber thermoplastic composites. Frontiers in Materials, 5, p.60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2018.00060
[72] Rowell, R.M., 1998. Economic opportunities in natural fiber-thermoplastic composites. In Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Emerging Technologies and Business Opportunities (pp. 869-872). Boston, MA: Springer US. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0112-5_76
[73] Deringer, T., Gröschel, C. and Drummer, D., 2018. Influence of mold temperature and process time on the degree of cure of epoxy-based materials for thermoset injection molding and prepreg compression molding. Journal of Polymer Engineering, 38(1), pp.73-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0409
[74] Farsi, M., 2012. Thermoplastic matrix reinforced with natural fibers: a study on interfacial behavior. Some critical issues for injection molding, 1, pp.225-250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/34527
[75] Bodur, M.S., Englund, K. and Bakkal, M., 2017. Water absorption behavior and kinetics of glass fiber/waste cotton fabric hybrid composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134(47), p.45506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45506
[76] Dobircau, L., Sreekumar, P.A., Saiah, R., Leblanc, N., Terrié, C., Gattin, R. and Saiter, J.M., 2009. Wheat flour thermoplastic matrix reinforced by waste cotton fibre: Agro-green-composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 40(4), pp.329-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.11.004
[77] Bodur, M.S., Bakkal, M. and Englund, K., 2017. Experimental study on the glass fiber/waste cotton fabric-reinforced hybrid composites: Mechanical and rheological investigations. Journal of Composite Materials, 51(23), pp.3257-3268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316685897
[78] Petrucci, R., Nisini, E., Puglia, D., Sarasini, F., Rallini, M., Santulli, C., Minak, G. and Kenny, J.M., 2015. Tensile and fatigue characterisation of textile cotton waste/polypropylene laminates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 81, pp.84-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.07.005
[79] Bateman, S.A. and Wu, D.Y., 2001. Composite materials prepared from waste textile fiber. Journal of applied polymer science, 81(13), pp.3178-3185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1770
[80] Bakkal, M., Bodur, M.S., Berkalp, O.B. and Yilmaz, S., 2012. The effect of reprocessing on the mechanical properties of the waste fabric reinforced composites. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 212(11), pp.2541-2548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.03.008
[81] [J. Davidovits, Geopolymer chemistry and applications. Geopolymer Institute, 2008. Accessed: Dec. 24, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dliw_KTYq4oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Davidovits,+J.,+2015.+Geopolymer+Chemistry+and+Applications.+4-th+edition.+J.+Davidovits.%E2%80%93Saint-Quentin,+France.&ots=GUh0lAqvo-&sig=AFBbJpLK4-iZGdOGJVL2SpuWILc
[82] Noorunnisa Khanam, P., Mohan Reddy, M., Raghu, K., John, K. and Venkata Naidu, S., 2007. Tensile, flexural and compressive properties of sisal/silk hybrid composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 26(10), pp.1065-1070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684407079347
[83] Kornmann, X., Rees, M., Thomann, Y., Necola, A., Barbezat, M. and Thomann, R., 2005. Epoxy-layered silicate nanocomposites as matrix in glass fibre-reinforced composites. Composites Science and Technology, 65(14), pp.2259-2268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.02.006
[84] Raji, M., Abdellaoui, H., Essabir, H., Kakou, C.A., Bouhfid, R. and el kacem Qaiss, A., 2019. Prediction of the cyclic durability of woven-hybrid composites. In Durability and life prediction in biocomposites, fibre-reinforced composites and hybrid composites (pp. 27-62). Woodhead Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102290-0.00003-9
[85] Li, X., Tabil, L.G. and Panigrahi, S., 2007. Chemical treatments of natural fiber for use in natural fiber-reinforced composites: a review. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 15(1), pp.25-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-006-0042-3
[86] Sreekumar, P.A., Joseph, K., Unnikrishnan, G. and Thomas, S., 2007. A comparative study on mechanical properties of sisal-leaf fibre-reinforced polyester composites prepared by resin transfer and compression moulding techniques. Composites science and technology, 67(3-4), pp.453-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.025
[87] Yadav, R., Singh, S., Kamble, Z. and Jajpura, L., 2025. End-of-life cotton textile-based engineered cellulose composites. Cellulose, 32(2), pp.1273-1287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-06296-8
[88] Zou, Y., Reddy, N. and Yang, Y., 2011. Reusing polyester/cotton blend fabrics for composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 42(4), pp.763-770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.01.022
[89] Ailenei, E.C., Loghin, M.C., Ichim, M. and Hoblea, A., 2021. New composite materials using polyester woven fabric scraps as reinforcement and thermoplastic matrix. Industria Textila, 72(1), pp.62-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35530/IT.072.01.1837
[90] Baghaei, B., Compiet, S. and Skrifvars, M., 2020. Mechanical properties of all-cellulose composites from end-of-life textiles. Journal of polymer research, 27(9), p.260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-020-02214-1
[91] Bodur, M.S., Bakkal, M. and Sonmez, H.E., 2016. The effects of different chemical treatment methods on the mechanical and thermal properties of textile fiber reinforced polymer composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 50(27), pp.3817-3830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315626256
[92] Al-Homoud, M.S., 2005. Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials. Building and environment, 40(3), pp.353-366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.05.013
[93] Hadded, A., Benltoufa, S., Fayala, F. and Jemni, A., 2016. Thermo physical characterisation of recycled textile materials used for building insulating. Journal of building engineering, 5, pp.34-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.10.007
[94] Zach, J., Korjenic, A., Petránek, V., Hroudová, J. and Bednar, T., 2012. Performance evaluation and research of alternative thermal insulations based on sheep wool. Energy and Buildings, 49, pp.246-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.02.014
[95] Passchier-Vermeer, W. and Passchier, W.F., 2000. Noise exposure and public health. Environmental health perspectives, 108(Suppl 1), p.123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s1123
[96] Chen, D., Li, J. and Ren, J., 2010. Study on sound absorption property of ramie fiber reinforced poly (l-lactic acid) composites: Morphology and properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41(8), pp.1012-1018.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.04.007
[97] Reixach, R., Del Rey, R., Alba, J., Arbat, G., Espinach, F.X. and Mutjé, P., 2015. Acoustic properties of agroforestry waste orange pruning fibers reinforced polypropylene composites as an alternative to laminated gypsum boards. Construction and Building Materials, 77, pp.124-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.041
[98] Patnaik, A., Mvubu, M., Muniyasamy, S., Botha, A. and Anandjiwala, R.D., 2015. Thermal and sound insulation materials from waste wool and recycled polyester fibers and their biodegradation studies. Energy and buildings, 92, pp.161-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.01.056
[99] Rubino, C., Aracil, M.B., Liuzzi, S., Stefanizzi, P. and Martellotta, F., 2021. Wool waste used as sustainable nonwoven for building applications. Journal of cleaner production, 278, p.123905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123905
[100] Lin, J.H., Li, T.T. and Lou, C.W., 2016. Puncture-resisting, sound-absorbing and thermal-insulating properties of polypropylene-selvages reinforced composite nonwovens. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 45(6), pp.1477-1489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083714562088
[101] Ricciardi, P., Belloni, E. and Cotana, F., 2014. Innovative panels with recycled materials: Thermal and acoustic performance and Life Cycle Assessment. Applied Energy, 134, pp.150-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.112
[102] del Rey, R., Berto, L., Alba, J. and Arenas, J.P., 2015. Acoustic characterization of recycled textile materials used as core elements in noise barriers. Noise Control Engineering Journal, 63(5), pp.439-447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3397/1/376339
[103] Tiuc, A.E., Vermeşan, H., Gabor, T. and Vasile, O., 2016. Improved sound absorption properties of polyurethane foam mixed with textile waste. Energy Procedia, 85, pp.559-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.245
[104] Iasnicu, I., Vasile, O., Iatan, R. and Tomescu, G., 2015. Determination of sound absorption coefficient for plates and layered composite material made from textile waste and cork. Journal of Engineering Studies and Research, 21(2), p.48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v21i2.30
[105] M. del M. Barbero-Barrera, O. Pombo, and M. de los Á. Navacerrada, “Textile fibre waste bindered with natural hydraulic lime,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 94, pp. 26–33, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.013
[106] Pan, G., Zhao, Y., Xu, H., Ma, B. and Yang, Y., 2016. Acoustical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites from discarded carpets. Composites Part B: Engineering, 99, pp.98-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.018
[107] Araújo, R.S., Rezende, C.C., Marques, M.F.V., Ferreira, L.C., Russo, P., Emanuela Errico, M., Avolio, R., Avella, M. and Gentile, G., 2017. Polypropylene‐based composites reinforced with textile wastes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 134(28), p.45060. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45060
[108] Sapuan, S.M., Kho, J.Y., Zainudin, E.S., Leman, Z., Ali, B.A. and Hambali, A., 2011. Materials selection for natural fiber reinforced polymer composites using analytical hierarchy process. Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 18(4), pp.255-267.
[109] Müssig, J., 2008. Cotton fibre-reinforced thermosets versus ramie composites: a comparative study using petrochemical-and agro-based resins. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 16(2), pp.94-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-008-0089-4
[110] Olhan, S., Khatkar, V. and Behera, B.K., 2021. Textile-based natural fibre-reinforced polymeric composites in automotive lightweighting. Journal of Materials Science, 56(34), pp.18867-18910. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06509-6
[111] Sadrolodabaee, P., Claramunt, J., Ardanuy, M. and de la Fuente, A., 2021. Mechanical and durability characterization of a new textile waste micro-fiber reinforced cement composite for building applications. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, p.e00492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00492
[112] Huntzinger, D.N. and Eatmon, T.D., 2009. A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies. Journal of cleaner production, 17(7), pp.668-675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.007
[113] Meggers, F., Leibundgut, H., Kennedy, S., Qin, M., Schlaich, M., Sobek, W. and Shukuya, M., 2012. Reduce CO2 from buildings with technology to zero emissions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2(1), pp.29-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2011.10.001
[114] Sadrolodabaee, P., Claramunt, J., Ardanuy, M. and de la Fuente, A., 2021. A textile waste fiber-reinforced cement composite: comparison between short random fiber and textile reinforcement. Materials, 14(13), p.3742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133742
[115] Sadrolodabaee, P., Claramunt, J., Ardanuy, M. and de la Fuente, A., 2021. Characterization of a textile waste nonwoven fabric reinforced cement composite for non-structural building components. Construction and Building Materials, 276, p.122179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122179
[116] Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., Chu, P.K. and Tu, S., 2017. Porous materials composed of flue gas desulfurization gypsum and textile fiber wastes. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 8(1), pp.203-207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9617-y
[117] Chen, M., Shen, S.L., Arulrajah, A., Wu, H.N., Hou, D.W. and Xu, Y.S., 2015. Laboratory evaluation on the effectiveness of polypropylene fibers on the strength of fiber-reinforced and cement-stabilized Shanghai soft clay. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 43(6), pp.515-523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.05.004
[118] Peña-Pichardo, P., Martínez-Barrera, G., Martínez-López, M., Ureña-Núñez, F. and dos Reis, J.M.L., 2018. Recovery of cotton fibers from waste Blue-Jeans and its use in polyester concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 177, pp.409-416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.137
[119] Spadea, S., Farina, I., Carrafiello, A. and Fraternali, F., 2015. Recycled nylon fibers as cement mortar reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials, 80, pp.200-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.075
[120] Ferrandez-García, M.T., Ferrandez-Garcia, C.E., Garcia-Ortuño, T., Ferrandez-Garcia, A. and Ferrandez-Villena, M., 2020. Study of waste jute fibre panels (Corchorus capsularis L.) agglomerated with Portland cement and starch. Polymers, 12(3), p.599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030599
[121] Aghaee, K. and Foroughi, M., 2013. Mechanical properties of lightweight concrete partition with a core of textile waste. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2013(1), p.482310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/482310
[122] Ozger, O.B., Girardi, F., Giannuzzi, G.M., Salomoni, V.A., Majorana, C.E., Fambri, L., Baldassino, N. and Di Maggio, R., 2013. Effect of nylon fibres on mechanical and thermal properties of hardened concrete for energy storage systems. Materials & Design, 51, pp.989-997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.085
[123] Pei, C.C., Cui, X. and Chi, C.P., 2019, October. Effect of different blending ratio of waste polypropylene hybrid fiber on crack resistance of recycled concrete beams. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 631, No. 2, p. 022053). IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/631/2/022053
[124] Rajput, D., Bhagade, S.S., Raut, S.P., Ralegaonkar, R.V. and Mandavgane, S.A., 2012. Reuse of cotton and recycle paper mill waste as building material. Construction and building materials, 34, pp.470-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.035
[125] Müller, M., 2016. Mechanical properties of composite material reinforced with textile waste from the process of tyres recycling. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/32/2015-RAE
[126] Müller, M., 2015. Hybrid composite materials on basis of reactoplastic matrix reinforced with textile fibres from process of tyres recyclation.
[127] El Hage, R., Khalaf, Y., Lacoste, C., Nakhl, M., Lacroix, P. and Bergeret, A., 2019. A flame retarded chitosan binder for insulating miscanthus/recycled textile fibers reinforced biocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 136(13), p.47306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47306
[128] Chen, X., An, J., Cai, G., Zhang, J., Chen, W., Dong, X., Zhu, L., Tang, B., Wang, J. and Wang, X., 2019. Environmentally friendly flexible strain sensor from waste cotton fabrics and natural rubber latex. Polymers, 11(3), p.404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11030404
[129] Nunes, L.J., Godina, R., Matias, J.C. and Catalão, J.P., 2018. Economic and environmental benefits of using textile waste for the production of thermal energy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, pp.1353-1360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.154
[130] Rizal, S., Olaiya, F.G., Saharudin, N.I., Abdullah, C.K., NG, O., Mohamad Haafiz, M.K., Yahya, E.B., Sabaruddin, F.A., Ikramullah and Khalil HPS, A., 2021. Isolation of textile waste cellulose nanofibrillated fibre reinforced in polylactic acid-chitin biodegradable composite for green packaging application. Polymers, 13(3), p.325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030325
[131] Abdallah, A.M., Ugolini, F., Baronti, S., Maienza, A., Ungaro, F. and Camilli, F., 2019. Assessment of two sheep wool residues from textile industry as organic fertilizer in sunflower and maize cultivation. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 19(4), pp.793-807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00079-y
[132] Hu, Y., Du, C., Pensupa, N. and Lin, C.S.K., 2018. Optimisation of fungal cellulase production from textile waste using experimental design. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 118, pp.133-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.06.009
[133] Piribauer, B. and Bartl, A., 2019. Textile recycling processes, state of the art and current developments: A mini review. Waste Management & Research, 37(2), pp.112-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X18819277
[134] Weerasinghe, D.U., Perera, S. and Dissanayake, D.G.K., 2019. Application of biomimicry for sustainable functionalization of textiles: review of current status and prospectus. Textile Research Journal, 89(19-20), pp.4282-4294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517518821911
[135] and Weerasinghe, D.U., 2021. Fabric waste recycling: a systematic review of methods, applications, and challenges. Materials Circular Economy, 3(1), p.24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-021-00042-2
[136] Ütebay, B., Çelik, P. and Çay, A., 2019. Effects of cotton textile waste properties on recycled fibre quality. Journal of Cleaner Production, 222, pp.29-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.033
[137] anassi, B., Azzouz, B. and Hassen, M.B., 2015. Recycling of post-industrial cotton wastes: quality and rotor spinning of reclaimed fibers. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(6), pp.94-103.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Mustakim Ahmmad, Md. Sanaul Rabbi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All the articles published by this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
