SciEn Conference Series: Engineering (SCS: Engineering) is an international, multidisciplinary, open access, and peer-reviewed journal that publishes conference proceedings in various fields of engineering. Each published paper is assigned a unique DOI (prefix 10.38032). The journal is published by SciEn Publishing Group (SciEnPG), a registered publishing company based in Bangladesh. SciEnPG is responsible for all activities related to the journal. SCS: Engineering aims to publish high-quality conference proceedings comprising the latest advancements in the field of Engineering. The journal would serve as an extraordinary platform for the latest multidisciplinary research outcomes for the scientific community, engineers, students, and academicians from various backgrounds.
All the articles published by this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Passive Flow Control Over NACA 23018 Airfoil Using Semi-Circular Dimples Across Different Reynolds Numbers
The objective of this research is to examine the influence of surface modification on the aerodynamic performance of a NACA-23018 airfoil. Semi-circular dimples, each measuring 10 mm in diameter, were implemented on the upper surface at 75% of the chord length from the leading edge to mitigate boundary layer detachment. Experimental investigations were performed in a subsonic wind tunnel featuring a test section of 600 × 305 × 300 mm³ across a spectrum of angles of attack. The results showed that the dimpled configuration delayed flow separation compared to the smooth airfoil, leading to improved stall characteristics and enhanced aerodynamic efficiency. It delayed stall from 10° to 18° and achieved a 4.23% increase in lift, up to a 1.4% improvement in lift-to-drag ratio, and up to an 11.1% reduction in drag.
Copyright (c) 2026 Navid Ibne Newaz Chowdhury , Mohammad Tanveer Ahmed Rafi , Puspita Tasnim , S. M. Taufiq Imrose (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Investigation on the Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Shading Above Building Window
Energy consumption in Bangladeshi buildings is rapidly increasing due to growing demand and urbanization. Energy-efficient designs can significantly reduce this consumption while improving thermal comfort. This study investigates the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules used as external shading devices above building windows under Bangladesh’s climatic conditions. EnergyPlus simulation software was employed to analyze a single-room model with two PV modules (1001 mm × 734 mm each) installed as shading. The analysis focused on solar heat gain, daylighting performance, and electricity generation. Results show that PV shading effectively reduces solar heat gain through windows and generates substantial electricity. For a south-facing window at a 30° tilt, solar heat gain decreased by about 20.82% compared to an unshaded window, while annual electricity generation reached approximately 283.86 kWh/m² - over 20% higher than east or west-facing configurations. However, increasing the tilt angle reduced daylighting levels, potentially increasing the need for artificial lighting. The findings highlight that south-oriented PV shading with a 30° tilt provides the optimal balance between thermal comfort and energy generation for energy-efficient buildings in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheikh Zihad Al-Din , Mohammad Ariful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bioethanol (biofuel) Production from Tea Waste: A Comparative Study Using Cellulase enzyme, Baker’s Yeast, and Wild Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Cultivated from Rice bran in the context of Bangladesh
Bangladesh ranks among the top twenty tea-producing nations, producing over 95 million kg of tea in 2021. This large-scale production generates considerable tea waste—infused leaves, branches, and discarded leaves posing environmental and economic challenges. Tea residues are abundant in cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and bioactive substances. This study was designed to evaluate three bioconversion routes like fermentation using wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured from rice bran, commercial baker’s yeast, and cellulase-mediated enzymatic hydrolysis methods. Bioethanol concentration (%v/v) from all the three media was measured using a double beam UV-Visible Spectrophotometer by absorption method. Enzymatic saccharification fermentation showed the highest ethanol yield with 4.10(%v/v) in cellulase enzyme containing treated samples, followed by wild yeast fermentation with 3.12(%v/v) in untreated samples. In case of commercial yeast extract, fermentation yield was 2.64(%v/v) in treated samples. The above results demonstrate that tea waste is available raw material for bioethanol production. The adoption of such processes could contribute to renewable energy regeneration and waste valorization in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashikur Rahman Khan Asik , Zannatul Nayem Showmik , Mohammad Nurur Rahman , Mohammad Moffajjel Hossain , Md. Masumul Haque , Md. Faruk Hasan , Aktarun Nahar , Runa Afroz Rintu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Study of Crushing Loads of Porous Aluminium- and Copper-Oxides Synthesized Via Space Holding Sintering
Because of their many uses in energy storage, environmental remediation, catalysis, and structural materials, porous metal oxides have garnered a lot of interest. In this work, ammonium hydrogen carbonate was used as the space holder in the space holding sintering procedure to create porous copper and aluminium oxides. To create macroporous structures and promote space holder breakdown, the samples were sintered at 750 °C and pressed at 115 MPa. Aluminium oxides showed more porosity than copper oxides for the same amount of space holder content, according to optical microscopy, which confirmed non-uniform pore morphologies. Aluminium oxides produced bigger and more interconnected pores, with pore size distributions ranging from sub-millimeter to several millimetres, according to ImageJ analysis. Porosity rose as space holder content increased, reaching 66.9% for aluminium oxides and 56.7% for copper oxides at 70 weight percent. According to ASTM C365-05 crushing load testing, copper oxides have a higher crushing load than aluminium oxides while having less porosity. These findings support the strong relationship between porosity, pore shape, and mechanical strength and point to a trade-off between structural strength and porous structure in metal oxide foams.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Faisal , Mohammod Anwer Jahed , Md. Arafat Rahman, Shaswato Barua , Konok Chandra Bhowmik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vibration Frequency Prediction in Marine Vessels: A Synthetic Data Approach with Applications to Noise and Structural Integrity
Accurate prediction of vibration frequencies in marine vessels is significant for stopping noise pollution and preventing structural failures, yet traditional methods rely on limited datasets and costly simulations. This study presents a machine learning framework that develops scarce real-world ship data (27 tankers, 43 cargo vessels, and 16 passenger vessels) with physics-informed synthetic samples to predict two-node vertical vibration frequencies (N2NV). By training hybrid datasets in four models (Linear Regression, SVR, Neural Networks, and Random Forest), we demonstrate that synthetic data improves prediction accuracy by 22% (Neural Networks achieve R²=0.997 vs. 0.816 with real data alone). Our analysis reveals strong correlations between predicted vibrations and (1) noise generation in the 100-150 Hz critical range, and (2) deformation patterns in hull monitoring data. Synthetic data approach reduces computational costs by 40% compared to finite element analysis while enabling early detection of resonant frequencies that accelerate structural fatigue. These results establish vibration frequency prediction as an outlet technology for integrated noise control and structural health monitoring systems in maritime applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al-Amin Hossain Seam , Md. Ahasanul Kabir , Zobair Ibn Awal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Acidic Steel Slag as Anode Material of Lithium-Ion Batteries
This study explores waste acidic steel slag as a potential anode material for next-generation high-performance Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The search for low-cost, sustainable electrode materials remains a great issue for state-of-the-art batteries. Acidic slag is the byproduct of steel refining and is rich in transition metal oxides (TMOs) with outstanding electrochemical characteristics. Our findings reveal that the proposed slag anode has high energy efficiency and good reversibility. The cell exhibited good cycling characteristics and capacity retention over 20 charge/discharge cycles with an average coulombic efficiency (CE) of above 90%, signifying high reversibility of the cycle. This study, therefore, simultaneously resolves the hazardous waste by-product of steelmaking and accelerates the evolution of LIB technology, presenting a low-cost and environmentally benign substitute for conventional anode materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Shamsul Islam , Md. Arafat Rahman , Konok Chandra Bhowmik , Rudra Barua , Shaswato Barua , Tauhidul Hossain , Syed Muhammad Sayem Hasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Corrosion Testing Apparatus for Mild Steel and ABS Steel
A laboratory-scale corrosion testing apparatus was developed to replicate the hot, salty, and humid conditions present in tropical marine habitats. Both mild steel and ABS steel specimens were electrolyzed and exposed to controlled temperatures of 25, 28, and 40 degrees Celsius. Surface deterioration was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and corrosion rates were calculated using corrosion penetration rate (CPR) calculations. The findings showed that mild steel was more prone to corrosion (515 MPY at 40°C) than ABS steel (404 MPY), and that corrosion was increased by 6–8 times by electrolysis. Elevated temperatures exacerbated corrosion and were linked to microstructural features such as pitting, rust layer thickness, and magnetite production. SEM micrographs confirmed localized attack and uneven oxide deposition. These findings show that temperature and electrochemical activity are the main factors causing corrosion in tropical areas. Selecting corrosion-resistant alloys and developing protective coating plans for industrial and marine applications are made simpler by the recommended configuration's reproducible and reasonably priced platform for evaluating material performance. The study innovatively addresses a major research gap and offers a cost-effective and innovative alternative to conventional test chambers by developing a low-cost, region-specific corrosion testing equipment that replicates Bangladesh's tropical saline conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Ali Imran , Md. Arefin Kowser , Md. Fazle Rabbi, Asaduzzaman Mojumder, Md. Aubdullah Al Masud , Md. Talal Beg (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Repurposing Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells for Geothermal Power in Northern Bangladesh: A Feasibility Study Toward Affordable and Sustainable Energy
Bangladesh currently relies heavily on its domestic natural gas reserves to meet the majority of its energy demand, with most power plants operating on gas-based systems. As the gas reserves continue to deplete, there is an increasing need to diversify the country’s energy portfolio. In recent years, initiatives such as pilot projects in solar and wind energy, along with the development of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, have marked significant steps toward a more sustainable and diversified energy future. Nevertheless, meeting the growing electricity demand of Bangladesh’s large and densely populated society will likely require additional, reliable energy sources. Geothermal energy presents a promising solution in this context, as it can provide continuous, 24/7 baseload power-an advantage over intermittent renewables such as solar and wind. Preliminary geophysical studies conducted in selected regions of Bangladesh have indicated favorable geothermal gradients, suggesting the potential viability of geothermal power development. The geothermal potential varies across the country, depending on local geological and thermal conditions. This study explores the different geothermal resources across the globe and how they are being utilized in different methods and for different purposes. The study aims to evaluate the feasibility of establishing a geothermal power plant in the north of Bangladesh by identifying the most geologically favorable locations and recognizing the resource conditions. Addressing the economic and technical challenges revealed from the previous geothermal assessments in the country, the study proposes the repurposing of abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the north, thereby reducing the high expenditure typically associated with drilling new deep wells. An optimal plant design (binary cycle) employing the Organic-Rankin cycle (ORC) technology is analyzed, and an estimate of potential power generation capacity up to 5.34 MW is shown in this paper. The findings are intended to support long-term energy planning by showcasing geothermal energy’s potential as a reliable supplemental baseload source, offering local energy stability and contributing to the country’s broader sustainable energy goals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nowrin Afrin , Afsana Khanom Monika , Tashdeed Rifa Raisa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable EOR Through Ion-Engineered Produced Water: A Smart Water Feasibility Study
As the international oil and gas sector focuses on sustainable, cost-effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods globally and in regions that face water scarcity, smart water flooding has surfaced as an effective solution. The tuning of injection water's ionic composition improves oil displacement efficiency by altering reservoir wettability. However, using freshwater or seawater still presents environmental and economic challenges. This research explores reusing produced water as a sustainable base fluid for smart-water EOR techniques. Produced water was treated through low-cost ion-tuning methods, i.e. dilution and selective ion exchange, to match standard smart-water formulations through its ionic composition for both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. More than 85% of treated samples met the desired ionic balance, while the modified ion composition increased SO₄²⁻ from 1,010 mg/L to 2,500 mg/L suggests an approximate 10% improvement in oil recovery based on correlations previously developed to explain wettability alteration. This work presents a low-cost solution to produced-water recycling which has the capacity to scale up and would suit Bangladesh's ongoing and consistent development towards sustainable water management and EOR.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tashdeed Rifa Raisa , Nowrin Afrin , Afsana Khanom Monika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance of Fin Enhanced Compact Heat Exchanger Using Experimental Analysis
The compact heat exchanger is popular in industrial and renewable energy systems, as they are highly efficient as a heat exchanger, and their construction is lightweight and compact. This paper experimentally analyses the thermal effectiveness of a fin-based compact heat exchanger at different hot- and cold-water flow rates (4-7 LPM). The Nusselt number, overall heat transfer coefficient, and compactness factor were determined using temperature data, and a CFD model run on ANSYS 2025 R1 using the k-ε turbulence model was created to validate the results. The findings indicate that the higher the flow rate of the cold side, the better the convective heat transfer, and the resultant maximum increase in the overall heat transfer coefficient was 11.95%. The experiments were in accordance with CFD predictions, and the deviations ranged between 0.9 percent and 11 percent, which proves that the model was reliable. The design is compact, as confirmed by the calculated compactness factor of 231.9 m²/m³, which was compact enough to operate in liquid-to-liquid mode. These results have shown that cold-side flow optimization can enhance thermal performance significantly and give a framework on how to design more efficient compact heat exchangers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umme Habiba , Bodius Salam , Swadhin Ghosh , Md. Tuhin Mia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Operational Threshold-Embedded Machine Learning Models for Accurate Hydraulic Fracturing Monitoring
Hydraulic fracturing is critical process in unconventional reservoir development, where accurate real time monitoring directly impacts operational safety, job efficiency and financial aspect. This study presents a hybrid framework integrating domain specific operational thresholds with supervised machine learning for anomaly detection and multi parameter prediction. In anomaly detection, XGBoost achieved the highest accuracy of 0.99 and F1-score of 0.98, outperforming random forest (0.97), logistic regression (0.65), KNN (0.90) across traditional evaluation metrics. In predictive model, gradient boosting algorithm achieved the highest R2 score of 0.97 and the lowest RMSE, outperforming both linear and ridge regression model used for base model. The inclusion of operational constraints into the machine learning model enhanced reliability, prediction accuracy, robustness ensuring practical and actionable results for hydraulic fracturing processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fardin Ahmed , Md. Nahul Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gesture Based Rover for Rapid Disaster Response
Post disaster search and rescue missions pose significant challenges to modern robotics, highlighting the need for further innovation. These hazardous, unstructured and unpredictable environments require solutions that are reliable, fast and easy to deploy. This paper introduces the prototype development and performance evaluation of a compact, low-cost unmanned rover system engineered to assist in such operations by providing real-time environmental feedback and visual monitoring. The rover features hand gesture-based control and omnidirectional movement that enable natural and efficient remote maneuvering in constrained spaces. Additional features such as transmitting continuous video and thermal feed to a remote station and sharing live location data enhances situational awareness and rapid decision making. Its design emphasizes agility, obstacle-negotiation capability, and support functions, ensuring reliable performance in remote unstable areas. By combining affordability with an operator-friendly interface, the rover offers a scalable and practical tool for field responses in time-critical missions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Nafis Mahmud, Arnob Roy, Samiul Kabir Rohan, Zibon Nesa Zim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Co-pyrolysis of Polypropylene Plastic Waste and Bamboo Sawdust by Infrared Wave
This study focuses on the co-pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) plastic waste, and bamboo sawdust (BS) which has high potential as an energy source. The goal of this research is to produce pyro-oil and to characterize the properties of the pyro-oil. This study was carried out without a catalyst. Using a fixed-bed reactor, materials of different ratios and moisture content were heated by an infrared wave cooker between temperatures of 250℃ and 315℃, resulting in the production of liquid pyro-oil. The highest yield of pyro-oil was 48.56 wt.% consisting of 18.6% moisture content at the infrared power of 800W, and 70 minutes reaction time. The obtained pyro-oil was analyzed by using a bomb calorimeter and found a calorific value of 41 MJ/kg which is comparable with other fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and kerosene. The product produced by co-pyrolysis can be an alternative to fossil fuels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. All Imran , M. M. K. Bhuiya , Iffat Azima Jiban , Itquan Hossen , Rupak Saha , Ankur Kumar Khan , Satu Sarkar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quadruped Robot Modeling by Mirroring Bipedal Robot for Trot Gait Simulation
In order to explore the development of stable quadruped robots, a method is proposed using concepts that have proven efficient in the design of bipedal robots. The legs of a bipedal robot are mirrored, and the parameters are adjusted to suit a quadruped robot. Starting by generating a foot trajectory through the use of the Linear Inverted Pendulum Model, the generated positions are used to derive joint angles via inverse kinematics from the D-H parameters of the model. The process is simulated and tested, and the results of the simulation show a stable trot gait of a quadruped at low speed on a horizontal plane. It is observed from the simulation that the stability still has room for improvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulwadud Alatise , Raisuddin Khan , Amir Shafie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Production and Characterization of Third-Generation Biodiesel from Microalgae Oil
Third-generation biodiesel, derived from microalgae, presents a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels with no compromise on food security or utilization of large areas of arable land. This study deals with the production of biodiesel from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae oil by using a two-stage process, acid-catalyzed esterification followed by base-catalyzed transesterification, and the characterization of the produced biodiesel. Acid esterification of crude oil with 0.8 wt% H2SO4 lowered the acid value to 0.46 mg KOH/g, thereby meeting the quality requirements for subsequent transesterification. A maximum yield of biodiesel of about 94.86% was obtained through base-catalyzed transesterification under the reaction parameter of 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.2 wt% KOH, 55oC reaction temperature, and 120 minutes reaction time. Characterization of the produced biodiesel and raw oil was performed, measuring density, kinematic viscosity, calorific value, and acid value according to ASTM standards. Overall, it satisfies the international biodiesel specifications given by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The results brought out the immense potential of Chlorella vulgaris as one of the most promising feedstocks for high-yield biodiesel production in the quest for sustainable energy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rupak Saha , Muhammad Mostafa Kamal Bhuiya , Md Aminul Islam , Itquan Hossen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review on Vacuum Bagged Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
To lessen dependency on synthetic fibers, researchers are looking at eco-friendly natural fiber composites, which are becoming more and more popular in industrial applications because to their low cost, low density, biodegradability, and non-abrasive qualities. However, comparing various aspects of the composite fabrication, manufacturing method affects the characteristics of the prepared samples. Among various manufacturing methods, vacuum bagging is one of the prominent techniques to fabricate composites. Vacuum pressure, fiber-matrix ratio, thickness of the mold are crucial factors that are needed to be considered for proper manufacturing of samples. Reviewing available literature, this article summarizes the characterization of the bio-composites manufactured using vacuum bagging technique and hence, provided significant factors to look after while using it. Moreover, practical uses of vacuum-bagged natural fiber reinforced composites have been discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gogan Dhar , Md. Sanaul Rabbi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prediction of Porosity and Permeability Using Well Log and Core Data: A Data-Driven Approach
Accurate prediction of porosity and permeability is very important for reservoir characterization and hydrocarbon extraction. Traditional workflow in the form of empirical correlations is usually difficult, time-consuming, spatially limiting, and entirely dependent on formation geology. The current study examines a different approach, which uses machine learning (ML) regression models based on well-log and core data. Three regression architectures including Random Forest, CatBoost, and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) were trained and validated based on a dataset consisting of 340 samples of shaly sand gas reservoirs. The gamma ray (GR), resistivity (RLLD), spontaneous potential (SP), bulk density (RHOB), neutron porosity (NPHI), and depth were used as the input variables with the core-derived porosity (CPHI) and permeability (CKHG) being used as the targets. The quantitative measures of performance of the models included R2, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The findings indicated that KNN regression was better than its counterparts as it achieved R2 = 0.8933 and R2 = 0.9340 in terms of porosity and permeability prediction, respectively, and more acceptable metrics of errors showed. Comparatively, the traditional empirical methods showed a significantly lower accuracy rate. The findings highlight that machine learning has the potential to provide precise, scalable, and low-cost predictions of the reservoir properties which could lead to better choices for exploration and production activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Alamin Islam , Bintun Zaman , Shahria Nayem Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Experimental Validation of a Piezoelectric Impact-Based Energy Harvester for Low-Frequency Oceanic Waves
This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a novel impact-based piezoelectric energy harvesting system tailored for low-frequency oceanic waves prevalent in shallow coastal regions such as Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The project employs a triangular-frame structure housing five vertical pipes, each containing stacked PZT-5A piezoelectric discs, impact balls (e.g., golf or steel balls), and MEMS vibration sensors to capture bidirectional wave motion. Laboratory experiments under simulated marine conditions (0.1–2 Hz wave frequency, 3.5% salinity) demonstrate that steel balls (70 g) paired with rigid cement base tiles and double-disc piezoelectric configurations yield the highest output-up to 1.28 V per pipe and ~20 mW per wave event. The system’s modular architecture enables scalability for powering low-energy marine electronics, including navigation buoys and coastal IoT sensors. Techno-economic analysis reveals a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of ~$840/kWh in its current form, but a compelling 2.1-year payback period and 38.9% ROI when deployed to replace battery-powered offshore sensors. Environmental assessment highlights the need to address lead toxicity in PZT through robust encapsulation or transition to lead-free alternatives like BaTiO₃. Results confirm the feasibility of this simple, solid-state harvester as a sustainable solution for micro-power generation in remote marine environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishaque Mozumder , Sajal Chandra Banik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Triboelectric Nano-Generator to Produce Dc Current for Smart Textiles
Electricity was the greatest invention of our civilization. We will not see another invention with this importance in our life time. But yet it has some bad effects on the environment we live in. So, we need some source of energy that is clean and less harmful to the environment. We now have solar energy, wind energy and many more renewable energy sources. To make energy available at every place we needed some kind of medium, cable or devices. Battery was invented to make it more simple. But as it turns out batteries are hard to carry at all times. And it is also very dangerous for the environment because of it chemical composition. So the triboelectricity was introduced. Wang used this concept of triboelectricity and invented Triboelectric Nanogenerator. That research changed the course of the future. Now devices can be powered by itself in a much clean and environmental friendly way. In the field of smart textiles it will have a great impact. The materials that can be used for producing one is very available and in some cases cheap. In this experiment we focused on the most available materials and simple production procedure. The results of this experiment will add some more value in the field of triboelectricity. These small sized generator may not be able to charge a heavy machine but in near future it can solve the energy issue that we have, and the contradiction between the nature and energy industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasib Ahmed , Sheikh Tamjidur Rahman , Suprova Haque (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Upgrading of Waste Cooking Oil via Transesterification and Catalytic Hydrotreatment Process
Renewable biofuels, such as biodiesel produced from used cooking oil (WCO), offer an affordable, environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuels. The main aim of this work is to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO), a sustainable alternative to address the challenges associated with renewable energy and resource efficiency. Optimal conditions for biodiesel production were identified, revealing that a 6:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 1.0 wt.% sodium hydroxide, 60°C, and 60-minute reaction time yielded the highest output in a single-step transesterification process. To enhance the quality of second-generation biodiesel by converting it into more stable hydrocarbon fuels using the hydrodeoxygenation process with the help of MoS2 and NiMoS2 catalysts that were hydrothermally synthesized to demonstrate their effectiveness in improving biodiesel production in the hydrotreatment process. Renewable biodiesel produced through deoxygenation (DO) pathways has a high concentration of linear hydrocarbons(paraffins) and low levels of oxygen and nitrogen. To ensure the quality of the trans-esterified, renewable biodiesel, its properties were analyzed and compared using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This paper compares conventional and advanced methods for producing biodiesel, with a focus on the importance of sustainability and efficiency in fuel production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irshad Jahan Tasin , Morsheda Begum , Muhammad Abdus Salam , Mohammad Rakib Uddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design of a 52-Seated Bus Shower Tester: Pressure Distribution Analysis
This study presents the redesign and hydraulic analysis of a shower tester system for 52-seated bus testing at Pragoti Industries Limited, Bangladesh. The existing setup, originally developed for SUVs, lacked adequate structural strength, uniform nozzle placement, and pressure regulation. A new configuration was designed, featuring an expanded 40 ft × 12.5 ft × 12.5 ft frame and dual centrifugal pumps to ensure sufficient flow and pressure distribution. Hydraulic calculations and CFD simulations in ANSYS were performed to analyze flow rate, head loss, and pressure variations across the network. Results revealed that the modified design achieved stable nozzle pressures of 2.0 bar for SUVs and 2.2 bar for buses, with theoretical and simulated data agreeing within 7%. The upgraded system effectively eliminates negative pressure zones, ensures uniform water coverage, and improves operational safety and efficiency. This research validates the feasibility of adapting existing shower tester infrastructure for large-vehicle applications through optimized hydraulic and structural design.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Shawkat Ali , Md. Rafayet Bin Ali , S. M. Mustakim Mahmud , Mohammad Mizanur Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Recuperative Organic Rankine Cycle for Six Low-GWP Refrigerants
The need to recover waste heat from industrial operations is highlighted by the growing need for sustainable energy solutions worldwide. This heat is frequently wasted, which reduces system effectiveness and deteriorates environmental effects. A thorough thermodynamic analysis of recuperative organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) using low-GWP (GWP < 10) environment-friendly refrigerants is presented in this work. A numerical simulation for six low-GWP refrigerants: R-1243zf, R-1234yf, R-1233zd(E), R-1224yd(Z), R-1234ze(E), and R-1336mzz(Z) is conducted using the Python programming language. In this study, the effects of pump inlet pressure (0.8-1.5 MPa) and turbine inlet pressure (1.0-2.0 MPa) on system performance are evaluated using mass, entropy, energy, and exergy balance equations. R-1243zf emerges as the optimal refrigerant choice for recuperative ORC systems, offering the best combination of high power output (28.04 kW), excellent thermal efficiency (9.43%), and superior exergetic efficiency (31.00%), making it most suitable for applications prioritizing maximum power generation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mostafizur Rahaman , Khaza Shahriar , Mohammad Ariful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Experimental Study on the Development and Performance Test of an Electro-Mechanical Plant Irrigation System
Bangladesh’s economy largely depends on agriculture where efficient irrigation is crucial for stable crop production. However, improper watering schedules often lead to significant yield losses, highlighting the need for a more reliable and spontaneous irrigation approach. The research describes the design, construction and comprehensive testing of an Electro-mechanical Plant Irrigation System (PIS) that was designed to enhance efficiency in irrigation within small farmland and controlled laboratory systems. The system is essentially an Arduino Nano processing signal inputs of a capacitive soil-moisture sensor and to actuate a relay-activated submersible DC pump; an LCD display gives real-time values on moisture and system conditions. Repeatable behavior was confirmed by bench tests that had a mean rate of 8.94 mL/s of delivered fluids and several transactions indicated a stable on/off cycling behavior and reliable operation. The net outcomes are lower water consumption, a more uniform root zone wetting and better energy efficiency than the manual processes. Due to the low cost of the hardware, its small size, and scalability, the proposed system will provide a viable, sustainable solution in precision agriculture, smart gardening use cases, and teaching and research contexts for large-scale applicability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Ali Imran Khan , Rifat Ul Alam , K. M. Mahedi Hassan Fahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Water Hyacinth Petiole Mat-Reinforced Epoxy-Based Composites
Natural fiber composite (NFC) is popular as alternatives to synthetic ones. This shift reflects a growing interest in sustainable and eco-friendly options such as water hyacinth, which is scientifically known as Eichhornia crassipes. In this study, the plant was explored as a potential reinforcement material in epoxy-based composites. The fabrication relied on a solution casting method, mixing epoxy, and hardener in a 3:1 ratio where woven mats were treated in NaOH, while others consisted of unidirectional strips and powdered versions. The physical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and water absorption of as synthesized NFC was evaluated through ASTM guidelines. The findings showed that the NaOH-treated woven composites performed the best overall. It is noted that the as synthesized NFC exhibited tensile and flexural strength of 10.11 MPa and 12.48 MPa, respectively, with Shore D hardness of 75. Water absorption remained low at just 3.02% over seven days whereas untreated woven mats yielded comparative physical properties. Furthermore, unidirectional strips and powdered fibers exhibited partly due to poor stress transfer and high moisture uptake compared to treated woven mats. It is noted that this study is unique due to skipping the usual fiber extraction steps, instead, whole petioles were used in various setups. This study showed the alkali-treated petioles from water hyacinth have real potential which could lead to low-cost composites.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tufayel Ahmed , Md. Saif Hasan , Md. Arafat Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Eco-Friendly Tin Perovskite Solar Cells via Novel Transport Layer configuration using SCAPS-1D Simulation
This study employs advanced SCAPS-1D simulation to enhance the performance of lead-free FASnI₃ perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by integrating non-traditional charge transport materials. A novel device architecture, FTO/ZnO (ETL)/FASnI₃/CBTS (HTL)/Au, with limited prior investigation, is systematically optimized by tuning key parameters including absorber thickness, defect density (Nt), acceptor density (NA), bandgap (Eg), electron affinity (χ), and back-contact work function. Optimization elevates the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 27.09% to 29.06%, primarily due to an increase in short-circuit current density (Jsc) from 26.54 mA/cm² to 30.68 mA/cm², despite slight reductions in open-circuit voltage (Voc) (1.170 V to 1.129 V) and fill factor (FF) (87.24% to 83.92%). The ZnO/CBTS-based configuration demonstrates superior potential over conventional transport layers. These findings validate FASnI₃ as a high-performance, eco-friendly alternative to toxic lead-based perovskites and silicon and highlight ZnO and CBTS as promising low-research-burden materials. This work offers valuable insights for the design of efficient, stable, scalable, and commercially viable lead-free PSCs, contributing to the advancement of sustainable global energy solutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhaiminul Islam, Prasanjit Das , Md Farhan Imtiaz Chowdhury , Wasif Sadman Tanim , Md Fahim Sadat Bari , Md. Shaib Hossain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NiO and Co-Doped NiO Multifunctional Nanomaterials: Biogenic Fabrication for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Biogenically synthesized NiO and Co-doped NiO nanoparticles were fabricated using Rosella fruit extract as a natural reducing and capping agent. Structural analysis confirmed a cubic lattice with successful Co incorporation, resulting in a reduction of crystallite size from 10.73 nm to 8.93 nm and an increase in dislocation density. SEM imaging revealed agglomerated cubic morphologies, while EDS certified the elemental purity of Ni, O, and Co. UV-Visible spectroscopy showed a red-shifted absorption edge and band gap narrowing from 3.15 eV to 2.72 eV, favoring electron excitation. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of metal-oxygen bonding and functional groups associated with the extract. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated the enhanced performance of Co-NiO, with 95.58% degradation of methylene blue, correlating with structural refinement and optical band tailoring. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Co substitution in modulating the microstructure and optoelectronic properties of NiO nanoparticles for advanced photocatalytic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shah Sadia Rahman Joya , Md. Estabrak Ahammod Sakib , Md. Lael Hasan , Hridoy Roy , Md. Farhan Muskan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Machine Learning Approach for Energy Consumption Prediction in Hybrid Vehicles
With the rise in environmental concerns and global shift toward sustainable mobility, accurately predicting energy consumption in hybrid vehicles (HVs) is essential for reliable transportation planning and optimizing efficient energy management. This study employs the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) dataset to develop predictive models for estimating energy usage in HVs. In this paper, four machine learning models (XGBoost, Linear Regression, Random Forest, and Neural Network) are implemented to analyze and compare their effectiveness in forecasting energy consumption. The dataset is preprocessed and standardized, followed by model training and 5-fold cross-validation. The performance of each model is determined using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and the Coefficient of Determination (R²). Among them, the Random Forest model achieved the best effectiveness with lower RMSE and MAE along with the highest R2 score for predicting energy consumption in hybrid vehicles. The findings show the prospective of machine learning techniques, particularly the Random Forest model, which delivers the highest accuracy in predicting hybrid vehicle energy consumption. This result supports more informed decision-making for developing eco-friendly transport solutions, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bishawajit Chakraborty Chakraborty , Arpita Paul Paul , Bhubon Thiotonius Costa Costa , MD. Shajratul Alam Towhid Towhid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cadmium Removal Using Egg and Peanut Shell
This work studies the adsorption efficiency of a biochar composite derived from egg and peanut shells for the removal of cadmium (Cd) from synthetic wastewater. The biochar is prepared by combining equal proportions of egg and peanut shells. The removal capacity of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions has been evaluated using a batch adsorption test, and a UV-VIS spectrophotometer to determine the equilibrium concentration. Results demonstrate a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.013 mg/g under conditions of 5 g/L adsorbent dosage, an initial Cd(II) concentration of 5.0 mg/L, and a contact time of 180 minutes. Isotherm modeling indicates that the adsorption process is best fitted by the Freundlich model (R² = 0.9800), implying multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. The high density of functional groups in the biochar made it more convenient for Cd(II) to attach through surface complexation and electrostatic interactions. These data imply that egg and peanut shell-derived biochar is a promising, sustainable, and effective adsorbent for the removal of cadmium contaminated aqueous environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samima Afren Bhuian Sumi , Md. Aminul Islam , Md. Osman Gani Abu Sayem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Chromium and Zinc Biosorption Utilizing Leaves of Psidium Guajava
This study explores the effectiveness of Psidium guajava (guava) leaves are used for biosorbent to remove zinc (Zn) and chromium (Cr) from aqueous solutions. Adsorption tests have been conducted, and the Langmuir, the Freundlich, and the Temkin isotherm models are utilized to evaluate the equilibrium data. The results indicate that Psidium guajava demonstrates distinct adsorption patterns and a significant affinity for Zn and Cr. The Freundlich model provided the best description for Zn adsorption, while the Temkin model offered an excellent fit for Cr adsorption. The removal efficiencies for Cr and Zn were 82.5% and 74.4%, respectively, with adsorption capacities of 3.20 mg/g for Cr and 5.20 mg/g for Zn. Outcomes establish that Psidium guajava leaves are an economical and environmentally friendly biosorbent for removing heavy metals, offering an effective solution for environmental remediation and wastewater treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Osman Gani Abu Sayem , Md. Aminul Islam , Samima Afren Bhuian Sumi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Effect of Crystallinity on PVDF-PMMA Polymer Blend and Analyzing its Dielectric and Piezoelectric Performance
In this study, a binary polymer blend using Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were prepared by simple solution casting method. PVDF having good dielectric and piezoelectric properties are in huge demand for applications like energy storage, sensors, actuators. To examine the changes in PVDF’s properties resulting from polymer blending, three different blends were prepared using 20%, 30% and 40% PMMA. Using XRD and FTIR the changes in alpha(α) and beta(β) phases of PVDF for different PMMA percentages were analyzed. It was seen that, β-phase of the blend increases up to 30% PMMA and starts to decrease after that and for 30% PMMA the β-phase content was higher than other samples. From FTIR spectrum, the calculated highest and lowest β-phase content was 63.6% and 53.3% for 30% and 20% PMMA respectively. The piezoelectric coefficient (d33 value) was higher for high PVDF content and decreased as the PMMA content increased. With 20% PMMA, the d33 value was 14.8 pC/N. Maximum dielectric constant was observed for 30% PMMA sample and with the PMMA percentage increment, lower dielectric loss was observed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pabitro Prosad Mondal , Abdullah Bin Asif , Rounak Jarin Turna , Adiba Tarannum , Md. Emdadul Hoque (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0