SciEn Conference Series: Engineering
type: channel
description: SciEn Conference Series: Engineering (SCS: Engineering) is an international, multidisciplinary, open access, and peer-reviewed journal that publishes conference proceedings in various fields of engineering. The journal is published by SciEn Publishing Group (SciEnPG), a registered publishing company based in Bangladesh. SciEnPG is responsible for all activities related to the journal. SCS: Engineering aims to publish high-quality conference proceedings comprising the latest advancements in the field of Engineering. The journal would serve as an extraordinary platform for the latest multidisciplinary research outcomes for the scientific community, engineers, students, and academicians from various backgrounds.
publisher: SciEn Publishing Group
language: en
publication name: SciEn Conference Series: Engineering
issn: 3080-8898
copyright: All the articles published by this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
items: Computational Modeling of Metal Toe Caps to Reinforce Safety Footwear: A Finite Element Approach
items: Water Supply Network in Rajshahi City Corporation: Water Quality, Regeneration Effect and Pump Performance
items: Ergonomics in Industrial Design
items: Kinematic Analysis and Comparison of Mechanical Walkers Using Theo Jansen’s Mechanism
items: Chloride Removal from Tannery Soaking Wastewater by Adsorption onto Activated Alumina
items: Effect of Corrugation on the Stall Angle Characteristics of NACA 0012 Airfoil: A Numerical Approach
items: Stature Estimation from Foot Measurements in Primary Students: A Case Study in Bangladesh
items: Micoremediation of Leather Dyes by Novel Fungal Strains Isolated From Tannery Sludge
items: Impact of Particle Size Distribution on Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites
items: Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Converging Channel in Crossflow Heat Exchanger
items: Numerical Analysis of Flow Separation Control of an Airfoil by Plasma Actuator
items: Effect of Injection Timing on a Diesel Engine Fueled with Biomass to Liquid Diesel and Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel Blends
items: Numerical Analysis of Supersonic Flow and Shockwave Behavior Over a Convex Wedge
items: Glass & Jute Fiber Composites Pressure Vessel Design and Optimization Using Finite Element Analysis
items: Effect of Grout Thermal Conductivity and Leg-spacing on the Borehole Length of U-tube Ground Heat Exchanger
items: Development of a Robotic Exoskeleton Model Operated via Arduino for Mechanical Actuation
items: Effect of Nano Clay on the Mechanical Properties of Sandwich Structure
items: Enhancing the Flexural Strength of Perlite/Gypsum Composite Panels and Their Sandwich Structures using Gypsum Layer
items: Advances in Solid-State Hole Transport Materials for Next-Generation Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
items: Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Mist Cooled Ribbed Channel with Different Rib Angle
items: Influence of Surface Temperature on The Hydrodynamic Characteristics for Flow over Rotational Cylinder
items: Effect of Rayleigh number on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Finned Heat sink
items: Comparative Analysis of Forecasting Methods and Integration with Inventory Models for Efficient Demand Management in the Electronics Sector
items: Influence of Tube Geometry and Spacing on Thermal Performance in Automobile Radiators
items: Flexural Properties of Fly Ash Reinforced Perlite/Sodium Silicate Composite and Their Sandwich Structures
items: Cooling Load Analysis of a Household Refrigeration System: Evaluating the Impact of Compressor Efficiency
items: Numerical Analysis of Bicycle Frame Using FEM
items: Enhancement of Solar Panel Efficiency using Integrating Mirror-Based Solar Concentration and Passive Cooling Strategy
items: Study of Two Temperatures on Lab-scale Synthesis and Characterization of Hexagonal Boron Nitride
items: Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composite with Nanoparticle Integration

Computational Modeling of Metal Toe Caps to Reinforce Safety Footwear: A Finite Element Approach
type: item
description: Toe caps in safety footwear improve protection against workplace injuries, and the commonly used toe cap materials are metal, plastic, and composite. Metal is used to strengthen the toe cap; however, increased thickness proportionally adds weight to the shoe. Adding flutings can strengthen the toe cap rather than increase the thickness, and a study is required to evaluate the impact of fluting height and direction on the strength of the toe cap. The objectives of this study were to optimize the strength of the toe caps by applying flutings along different directions with various fluting heights and toe cap materials. Toe caps with no flutings, longitudinal flutings, and transverse flutings were the three types of samples used to evaluate deformation. For both longitudinal and transverse directions, the heights of 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm flutings were added to the toe cap surface, and those models of the toe caps were developed by SolidWorks software. Ansys software performed finite element analyses of all the toe cap models for different materials (steel, aluminum, titanium). The strength of the toe cap was determined through deformation analysis by applying a load to the surface. Compared to longitudinally fluted toe caps, transversely fluted toe caps displayed a lower deformation in this test. Furthermore, the 4 mm steel transverse fluted toe cap showed less deformation than the 2 mm and 3 mm steel transverse fluted toe caps. Moreover, steel has the lowest rate of deformation among the three materials. Therefore, the toe cap with 4 mm transverse flutings was considered the strongest among the analyzed toe cap models. This study may be helpful for footwear manufacturers to produce stronger toe caps for safety footwear for workers who need to carry heavy-weight objects in their workplace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Toe cap
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluting
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety footwear
  topic: keywords
subject: Deformation analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Finite element analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Imrul Kayes Limon
creator: Hanjala Tahmid
creator: Tatini Goswami
creator: Md Istiaq Mahmud Tanvir
creator: Shihab Ahemed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Imrul Kayes Limon, Hanjala Tahmid, Tatini Goswami, Md Istiaq Mahmud Tanvir, Shihab Ahemed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 454
ending page: 458
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.121

Water Supply Network in Rajshahi City Corporation: Water Quality, Regeneration Effect and Pump Performance
type: item
description: Urban water supply systems are currently facing considerable challenges posed by rapid population growth and the constraints of limited resources. Across many urban areas, pumping stations are tasked with providing drinking water; however, the quality of this water often falls short of the rigorous standards set by Bangladesh’s Drinking Water Standards (BDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). This situation is alarming, as water quality can have dire implications for public health. The efficiency of numerous pumping facilities is significantly lower than the optimal benchmarks established in laboratory tests. As a result, city residents frequently face inadequate access to safe drinking water, a critical resource for daily living. The present study focuses on the performance evaluation of pumping sites within the Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC). This study aims to uncover specific issues that hinder the effective operation of these pumping stations and to propose viable solutions. The analysis investigates essential parameters, including static water levels, the conditions of aquifers, and the impacts of drawdown—each factor playing a pivotal role in the overall performance of water supply systems. The investigation reveals that many pumps fall short of established laboratory standards, with significant seasonal fluctuations in groundwater levels and the effects of drawdown being prominent factors contributing to this inefficiency. By addressing these critical issues, the study seeks to pave the way for sustainable water management practices that ensure equitable access to safe drinking water for all residents, ultimately improving the quality of life in resource constrained urban areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Water Supply Network in RCC
  topic: keywords
subject: Water Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Regeneration Effect
  topic: keywords
subject: Pump Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Sanowar Hossain
creator: Asma-Ul-Husna
creator: Mohammad Rofiqul Islam
creator: Md. Shazu Ahamed Anik
creator: Fardin-Al-Rafin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Sanowar Hossain, Asma-Ul-Husna, Mohammad Rofiqul Islam, Md. Shazu Ahamed Anik, Fardin-Al-Rafin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 695
ending page: 700
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.174

Ergonomics in Industrial Design
type: item
description: Today, the quality of work lives, occupational safety, and health are issues that both management and employees care about. Information and communication technology, specialized jobs that need repeated tasks, and other new advancements all contribute to the need for human factors engineering. Through the analysis, design, testing, and evaluation of the workplace and human interactions, human factors engineers are able to establish safe, effective, and fulfilling work environments. In order to create systems, organizations, jobs, machines, equipment, and consumer goods that are safe, effective, and comfortable for individuals to use, ergonomics incorporates knowledge of human capabilities and limitations. The basic philosophy of ergonomics is to design workstations that are comfortable, convenient, and productive to work at. According to its definition, ergonomics is the "science of fitting the job to the works". Hence, being an engineer is frequently advantageous when it comes to properly incorporating ergonomics into manufacturing design and planning. Ergonomics is highly related to safety due to its inherent linkage with human-environment interactions. The purpose of ergonomics is to employ design and training to improve comfort, safety, and productivity. Through the implementation of ergonomics an industrial engineer can improve productivity, high employ morale and the quality of products, which will smoothen the operation of an industry. The paper includes (i) the importance of ergonomics in industrial design (ii) ergonomics within industry and manufacturing (iii) ergonomics relation with industrial engineering and (iv) applicability of ergonomics in chair and table design have been cited in this paper.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ergonomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Manufacturing
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Engineer
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Iqbal
creator: Syed Misbah Uddin
creator: Farjin Anyar Rahman
creator: Syed Sabbir Hasan
creator: Md. Mushtaq Tahmid
creator: Achia Khatun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Iqbal, Syed Misbah Uddin, Farjin Anyar Rahman, Syed Sabbir Hasan, Md. Mushtaq Tahmid, Achia Khatun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 742
ending page: 747
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.186

Kinematic Analysis and Comparison of Mechanical Walkers Using Theo Jansen’s Mechanism
type: item
description: A comprehensive kinematic analysis and modeling of four, six, as well as eight-legged mechanical models based on the Theo Jansen mechanism has been conducted in this paper. This locomotion assisted structures are ideal for replacing wheeled robots, which in most cases have a challenge on rough surfaces. Three models were designed and analyzed for motion using Solid Works with specific parameters such as angular velocity and motor torque analyzed. This study shows that walking with an eight-legged configuration is much smoother than that of the four and six-legged configurations. Nonetheless, this benefit is counteracted by the large amounts of materials needed as well as a larger body weight. It provides an effective understanding of the performance of walking, its associated mechanical system, and the material required for the system. The results indicated that more walking legged robots would be more adaptable to the environment and would be a better option than wheeled robots, since the ingenious machines in legs provided more movement in difficult terrain. Such research helps to foster interest in bio-inspired robotics and helps develop better walking mechanisms for non-flat surfaces.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Theo Jansen
  topic: keywords
subject: Kinematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Bio-inspired
  topic: keywords
subject: Motion Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparison
  topic: keywords
creator: Kazi S M Jaman Fahim
creator: Asha Rani Shorma
creator: Tauseef Ahmad
creator: Md. Ashraful Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kazi S M Jaman Fahim, Asha Rani Shorma, Tauseef Ahmad, Md. Ashraful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 713
ending page: 718
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.181

Chloride Removal from Tannery Soaking Wastewater by Adsorption onto Activated Alumina
type: item
description: Tannery soaking waste water is characterized by very high chloride content that is responsible for severe environmental problems such as damage to human health, microbial population and aquatic lives. This study was aimed by the preparation and characterization of activated alumina along with its application for chloride adsorption from tannery soaking waste liquor. Activated alumina was prepared through sol-gel technique using aluminum nitrate as precursor with the pHpzc of 8.1. The XRD analysis revealed the both crystalline and fine amorphous nature of the alumina with average particle size of 5.04nm. Chlorides adsorption experiments onto activated alumina was conducted by both batch and column adsorption method to explore the optimal adsorption condition and to investigate the practical usability of the adsorbent. The batch study revealed that pH of 6 and temperature of 40 ⁰C was the optimal operational conditions for chloride adsorption onto activated alumina. In the column study, higher chloride removal was observed at lower flow rates, with a reduction in efficiency from 93.27% to 86.94% as the flow rate increased from 2 to 4 mL/min. Breakthrough curve analysis at different flow rates revealed that a comparatively higher break point of 270 minutes and 240 minutes was observed for lower flow rates, 2 and 4 mL/min, respectively, whereas at higher flow rates, 8 mL/min breakpoint was noticed at 150 minutes. Breakthrough curve modeling demonstrated that the column adsorption process followed the Thomas model of adsorption kinetics. Better regeneration of the alumina up to two wash cycles was achieved for alkali wash. The adsorption efficacy of activated alumina for chlorides, BOD and COD as 93.24%, 69.18%, 75.68% from raw soaking liquor and 43.19%, 32.23% and 38.69% from diluted soaking wastewater signifies its potentiality to adsorb not only chlorides but also organic pollutants from tannery effluent.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Activated Alumina
  topic: keywords
subject: Soaking Wastewater
  topic: keywords
subject: Chlorides
  topic: keywords
subject: Column Study
  topic: keywords
subject: Adsorbent Regeneration
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajan Kumar Raha
creator: Atri deb
creator: Md. Marufur Rahman Maruf
creator: Nowshin Nawal
creator: Faria Jerin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajan Kumar Raha, Atri deb, Md. Marufur Rahman Maruf, Nowshin Nawal, Faria Jerin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 731
ending page: 736
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.184

Effect of Corrugation on the Stall Angle Characteristics of NACA 0012 Airfoil: A Numerical Approach
type: item
description: The aim of the study is to numerically examine the effect of corrugation on the stall angle characteristics including the coefficient of lift and drag NACA 0012 airfoil. The FLUENT module of ANSYS version 2020 R1 software was employed for performing the simulations to compute the lift coefficient and drag coefficient at various incidence angle (α) and a Reynolds number (Re) of definite value 2.5×105. A sinusoidal corrugation profile was inserted at the apt 1/3rd of the chord on the upper surface. The numerical results indicate that the corrugation delays the flow separation improving the stall characteristics whereas some penalty on other aerodynamic characteristics was also noticeable such as lower value of lift coefficient at low angle of attack, higher drag coefficient compared to smooth airfoil. The stall angle is delayed by 3° and the maximum lift coefficient value significantly increased. Hence corrugation can be implemented to enhance some particular characteristics while sacrificing one or more other aerodynamic performances. The optimization of the profile is required to achieve the desired improvement and minimize the adverse effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corrugated Airfoil
  topic: keywords
subject: Stall Angle
  topic: keywords
subject: Flow Separation
  topic: keywords
subject: ANSYS FLUENT
  topic: keywords
creator: Fahim Al Galib
creator: Adnan Roshid Shawon
creator: Mohammad Ilias Inam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fahim Al Galib, Adnan Roshid Shawon, Mohammad Ilias Inam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 701
ending page: 706
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.176

Stature Estimation from Foot Measurements in Primary Students: A Case Study in Bangladesh
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between foot anthropometric measurements and human stature among primary school students in Bangladesh, aiming to establish reliable anthropometric models for forensic and ergonomic applications. Employing data from 360 children (180 males and 180 females), the study utilizes linear and multiple regression models to establish predictive equations for stature estimation. Foot measurements, including foot length and width for both feet, were recorded with high precision. Results reveal strong correlations between foot dimensions and stature, with foot lengths showing higher predictive accuracy for males, and foot widths being more effective for females. Multiple regression analysis enhances predictive precision, with gender-specific models significantly improving accuracy. The female-specific multiple regression model demonstrated an almost perfect prediction correlation (R = 0.9997), compared to the male model (R = 0.9524). The findings underscore the necessity of using gender-specific equations due to variations in growth patterns and body proportions. This research fills a critical gap in anthropometric studies focused on children and presents practical applications for forensic science and ergonomic design in resource-limited settings. Additionally, it contributes to the standardization of foot dimensions based stature estimation techniques, enhancing their applicability for diverse demographic groups.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stature Estimation
  topic: keywords
subject: Foot Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Forensic Science
  topic: keywords
subject: Anthropometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Primary School Students
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Asadujjaman
creator: Wardatul Akmam
creator: Abdullah Al Mahmud
creator: Md. Ariful Haque
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Asadujjaman, Wardatul Akmam, Abdullah Al Mahmud, Md. Ariful Haque (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 737
ending page: 741
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.185

Micoremediation of Leather Dyes by Novel Fungal Strains Isolated From Tannery Sludge
type: item
description: The complex nature of leather dyes makes them resistant to conventional biological treatment processes. Fungi have proven to be a promising alternative due to their resilience in harsh environments and ability to remove dyes through bio-sorption, biodegradation, and bioaccumulation mechanism. This study explored the potential of unique fungal strains, Brown fungus (F1) and Green Fungus (F3) isolated from tannery solid waste to remediate leather dye biologically. A synthetic dye solution of acid brown was tested in the micoremediation process. Factors influencing dye removal by micoremediation were investigated using batch culture technique. Maximum dye removal achieved for the initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L and culture incubation time of 7 days for both the fungi. Optimal pH of dye removal was found to be 4 for F1 and 5 for F3. At the optimal experimental conditions fungus F3 remediated more dye in comparison with fungus F1 with the removal percentages of 92.32% and 88.24% respectively. Various carbon media to support fungal growth for dye removal were also tested where Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) achieved the highest removal. The fungal species F1 and F3 demonstrated dye removal efficiencies of 52.03% and 55.13% respectively at a dilution factor of 10, for real wastewater from leather dyeing operation showcasing its practical applicability in industrial wastewater treatment. Alcohol wash was identified as the best decolorizing solution for fungus reusability where dry fungal biomass of F1 was better reusable than F3. The SEM studies provided insights into the structure of fungi involved in the micoremediation process. This study reveals that, the novel fungal isolates have a potential for micoremediation of leather dyes at its optimal growth conditions for both synthetic dye solution and tannery dyeing waste liquor.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Micoremediation
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungi
  topic: keywords
subject: Leather Dyes
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Source
  topic: keywords
subject: Tannery Sludge
  topic: keywords
creator: Rajan Kumar Raha
creator: Nishat Salsabil
creator: Fahad Bin Siddique
creator: Nowshin Nawal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rajan Kumar Raha, Nishat Salsabil, Fahad Bin Siddique, Nowshin Nawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 725
ending page: 730
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.183

Impact of Particle Size Distribution on Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites
type: item
description: This study investigates the properties of fly ash-based composites using particles of varying sizes, sourced from the hopper located immediately before the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and the final field hopper of the ESP. The research focuses on the development of geopolymer mortars, using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators (AA). After curing and drying, the samples were analyzed for compressive strength, flexural strength and porosity to assess their physical characteristics. All tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical performance of different fly ash and activator compositions. The microstructure of the geopolymer samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy, providing insights into the morphological changes associated with the activation process. This investigation highlights the potential of fly ash as a sustainable material for advanced geopolymer applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fly ash
  topic: keywords
subject: ESP
  topic: keywords
subject: Particle Size
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolymer Composite
  topic: keywords
creator: Jasim Ahmed Chowdhury
creator: Md. Shahidul Islam
creator: Md. Ashraful Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jasim Ahmed Chowdhury, Md. Shahidul Islam, Md. Ashraful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 719
ending page: 724
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.182

Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Converging Channel in Crossflow Heat Exchanger
type: item
description: The objective of this numerical study is to investigate the effect of converging channel in crossflow heat exchanger using Rectangular Winglet Pair (RWP) in different arrangement from the tube center. For a defined converging angle, the placement of RWPs affects the heat exchanger performance. The FLUENT module of ANSYS version 2020 R1 was used to simulate the flow in a single strip of a crossflow heat exchanger to calculate the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. It was performed in low Reynolds number ranges from 550 to 960. Using those RWPs, heat transfer coefficient increases significantly as the converging channel accelerates the local flow around the tube and increases local Reynolds number that also affects in pressure drop also. Forward and backward arrangement provides better performance more specifically the RWPs placed behind the tube provide better performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crossflow Heat Exchanger
  topic: keywords
subject: Rectangular Winglet Pair
  topic: keywords
subject: Converging Channel
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat transfer Enhancement
  topic: keywords
creator: Adnan Roshid Shawon
creator: Fahim Al Galib
creator: Mohammad Ilias Inam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Adnan Roshid Shawon, Fahim Al Galib, Mohammad Ilias Inam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 707
ending page: 712
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.180

Numerical Analysis of Flow Separation Control of an Airfoil by Plasma Actuator
type: item
description: Plasma actuators operating under atmospheric conditions show great promise for flow control due to their unique physical characteristics, such as the body force generated by a strong electric field. This study numerically examines the effect of low-powered plasma actuation on the aerodynamic performance of a NACA 2412 airfoil. Utilizing the Shyy plasma actuation model, the study simulates its effects through defined functions. The analysis investigates the lift and drag coefficients at various angles of attack, with a freestream velocity of 14.5 m/s. Without plasma actuation, the airfoil experiences common aerodynamic challenges, such as flow separation near the trailing edge, which reduces efficiency. However, plasma actuation accelerates the airflow over the upper surface, delaying flow separation and decreasing drag. This results in smoother airflow and increased lift, particularly at higher angles of attack. The use of plasma actuation achieved approximately a 21% increase in the lift coefficient. Overall, plasma actuators enhance airflow control, reduce drag, and boost lift, improving the airfoil’s aerodynamic performance. This improvement is supported by pressure contour analysis, which demonstrates a more favorable pressure distribution with plasma actuation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Plasma Actuator
  topic: keywords
subject: Shyy Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Airfoil
  topic: keywords
subject: Flow Control
  topic: keywords
creator: Jishan Ahmed
creator: Aditya Das
creator: Mushfiqur Rahman Shihab
creator: Mohammad Ilias Inam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jishan Ahmed , Aditya Das, Mushfiqur Rahman Shihab, Mohammad Ilias Inam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 655
ending page: 659
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.165

Effect of Injection Timing on a Diesel Engine Fueled with Biomass to Liquid Diesel and Spirulina Microalgae Biodiesel Blends
type: item
description: Due to fossil diesel's limited supply and environmental worries, scientific research on alternative fuels is gaining traction in a promising way. The significant lipid content of third generation microalgae oil makes it preferable over regular biodiesel sources. Currently, biomass to liquid (BTL) diesel, a sustainable fuel, is regarded as a novel fuel for diesel engines due to their drop in characteristics and enhanced engine performance compared to biodiesel. Hence, the authors aim to conduct a numerical investigation to trace the impact of neat BTL diesel and the blends of Spirulina microalgae biodiesel and BTL diesel on a diesel engine using Diesel-RK software. The performance, combustion, and emission attributes of the engine are explored for neat BTL diesel and for three separate blends produced by including 20, 40, and 60 vol% (BD80MB20, BD60MB40, and BD40MB60, respectively) of microalgae biodiesel into BTL diesel, and then the results are compared to those of conventional diesel. The parameters are measured for three different injection timings (ITs) of -1⁰, 4⁰, and 7⁰ bTDC, keeping the swirl ratio constant at 1. BTL diesel is figured out to have a lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) than neat diesel. However, the addition of microalgae biodiesel into BTL diesel raised the BSFC compared to pure BTL diesel. For all ITs, the brake thermal efficiency is higher for BTL diesel and other blends than conventional diesel. Reductions in ignition delay period, combustion duration, and peak heat release rate in premixed combustion are noticed for BTL diesel and remaining biofuel blends compared to neat diesel, leading to favorable combustion attributes. Additionally, the quantity of CO2, smoke, and particulate matter in engine exhaust is decreased, although the emission of oxides of nitrogen rose while using BTL fuel and biodiesel/BTL fuel blends compared to regular diesel.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: BTL diesel
  topic: keywords
subject: Microalgae biodiesel
  topic: keywords
subject: Combustion
  topic: keywords
subject: Emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Minhaz Ahmed
creator: Md. Mizanur Rahman
creator: Tafsirul Hassan
creator: Md. Arafat Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Minhaz Ahmed, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Tafsirul Hassan, Md. Arafat Rahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 689
ending page: 694
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.172

Numerical Analysis of Supersonic Flow and Shockwave Behavior Over a Convex Wedge
type: item
description: The present study describes the flow behavior around the leading edge of a convex wedge having a specific dimension under varying upstream Mach numbers ranging from 1.4 to 2. The interaction between the free stream flow and the wedge significantly affects flow parameters such as static pressure, density, static temperature, downstream Mach number, and shock standoff distance (SSD), which are crucial for efficient aerodynamic design. Previously, various researchers have considered the convex wedge flow configuration specifically for inviscid flow but limited attention has been given to the detailed behavior of flow parameters at the leading edge of a convex wedge under varying upstream Mach numbers. The results indicate that, static pressure increased almost 80% at upstream Mach number 2 at the leading edge of the convex wedge. Density, static temperature, downstream Mach number all of them increased by 40%, 28%, and 40% respectively. The downstream Mach number, at first increases slowly but change takes place rather rapidly when the upstream Mach number crosses the value of 1.6. Again, the SSD showed an abrupt change (almost 95% decrease of its initial value at upstream Mach number 2). The leading edge was chosen for this study since it’s considered to be the critical design point which experiences the highest thermal and aerodynamic loads due to the shockwave. Evaluating flow behavior at this point is crucial in managing shockwave-induced loads.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SSD (Shock Standoff Distance)
  topic: keywords
subject: Convex Wedge
  topic: keywords
subject: Supersonic flow
  topic: keywords
subject: CFD
  topic: keywords
subject: Bow shock
  topic: keywords
creator: Nobin Dhar
creator: Mohammad Ilias Inam
creator: Azizul Hakim Aakash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nobin Dhar , Mohammad Ilias Inam, Azizul Hakim Aakash (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 683
ending page: 688
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.170

Glass & Jute Fiber Composites Pressure Vessel Design and Optimization Using Finite Element Analysis
type: item
description: This study focuses on maintaining the structural strength of composite pressure vessels (CPVs) used to store highly pressurized liquids and gases. CPVs are employed across multiple industries to store or transport substances under pressure. They find applications in sectors such as oil & gas, chemicals, and petrochemicals. CPVs offer a significant advantage over traditional metal vessels due to their lighter weight. However, their design, manufacturing, and testing processes require more specialized techniques. This research utilizes finite element analysis (FEA) software, specifically ABAQUS, to perform a design optimization of a CPV. The optimization of the CPV involved considering lamina sequences, thickness variations, and fiber winding angles to determine their impact on the vessel's maximum burst pressure capacity. The CPVs under investigation are constructed from glass fiber and jute fiber, with a specific lay-up configuration of six plies oriented at 0, 45, 60, -45, -60, and 90 degrees. The study investigates several key aspects. Firstly, it examines variations in different types of stresses—such as circumferential, axial, and radial—due to different meshing techniques. Secondly, it analyzes the maximum burst pressure under specific internal pressures. Finally, it applies failure criteria including Maximum stress (MSTRS), Tsai-Wu (TSAIW), and Tsai Hill (TSAIH) to predict the burst strength of the composite pressure vessel. Overall, this work aims to enhance the performance and reliability of CPVs through advanced numerical simulations and testing methodologies, ensuring their suitability for critical applications in demanding environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Burst Pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Abaqus
  topic: keywords
subject: Glass & Jute Fiber
  topic: keywords
subject: MSTRS
  topic: keywords
subject: TSAIW
  topic: keywords
subject: TSAIH
  topic: keywords
creator: Zabir Al Nahian
creator: Chaitee Das
creator: Md Mafidul Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zabir Al Nahian , Chaitee Das, Md Mafidul Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 671
ending page: 676
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.168

Effect of Grout Thermal Conductivity and Leg-spacing on the Borehole Length of U-tube Ground Heat Exchanger
type: item
description: This study explores the effects of grout thermal conductivity and leg spacing between a single U tube pipe on the borehole length of a ground-coupled heat exchanger, which is required to dissipate heat from a 1-ton air conditioner to the ground under the climatic conditions of Bangladesh. The result obtained from the zeroth-order multipole approach has been compared with first-order multipole, and Liao et al. methods to predict borehole length. Additionally, the impact of flow rate and inner pipe diameter on the pressure drop of U tube pipe has been evaluated here. Python-based simulations have been conducted to analyze them. The results demonstrate that increasing grout thermal conductivity significantly reduces borehole length—up to 31%—by minimizing grout thermal resistance. However, at higher conductivities, borehole length approaches an asymptotic behavior as other factors, such as ground thermal conductivity, dominate. Comparisons revealed that zeroth-order and first-order methods yield almost identical results, while minor deviations (<6%) occur with the Liao et al. method in the low-conductivity regime due to differing heat transfer assumptions. It has been investigated that larger leg spacings were shown to reduce thermal interference between U-tube legs, thereby shortening borehole lengths. The study also highlights that smaller pipe diameters lead to higher pressure drops, necessitating lower flow rates to minimize frictional resistance and higher pumping costs. However, ensuring sufficient flow rates to maintain turbulent flow is recommended for effective heat transfer. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing grout conductivity, leg spacing, and flow conditions to enhance borehole heat exchanger efficiency. The results provide a robust foundation for further research and practical applications in sustainable Ground Heat Exchanger (GHE) technologies over conventional air-cooling systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ground Coupled Heat Exchanger
  topic: keywords
subject: U-tube Heat Exchanger
  topic: keywords
subject: Grout Materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Python Simulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Takia Tashbih
creator: Mohammad Ariful Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Takia Tashbih, Mohammad Ariful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 677
ending page: 682
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.169

Development of a Robotic Exoskeleton Model Operated via Arduino for Mechanical Actuation
type: item
description: In this paper, we present the design, development, and initial testing of a prototype exoskeleton model created for augmenting human strength and mobility, specifically for upper-body weightlifting applications. This model, crafted to fit a small articulated doll (approximately 11.9% the size of an average human), using a PLA-constructed frame, an Arduino control system, and a rope-pulley mechanism for movement, this design represents a practical approach to wearable assistive robotics. While primarily a proof-of-concept, the project aims to explore foundational principles of wearable robotics and mechanical augmentation in a simplified manner. The proposed exoskeleton can be served as a robotic tool in demonstrating the interaction between mechanical design and control systems. The exoskeleton design also contributes to the field of wearable robotics by addressing the specific needs of weightlifters, offering a practical and functional solution to enhance strength, reduce fatigue, and minimize the risk of musculoskeletal injuries during weightlifting exercises. Preliminary results discuss feasibility and working efficiency of this model while providing insights into potential applications and improvements in larger-scale wearable robotics. The exoskeleton’s performance was assessed for vertical holding and lifting tasks, identifying challenges in torque, friction, and material choice, which inform future improvements in exoskeleton technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Exoskeleton
  topic: keywords
subject: Design
  topic: keywords
subject: Upper limb
  topic: keywords
subject: Prototype
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical actuation
  topic: keywords
creator: Azizul Hakim Aakash
creator: Mohammad Ariful Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Azizul Hakim Aakash, Mohammad Ariful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 665
ending page: 670
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.167

Effect of Nano Clay on the Mechanical Properties of Sandwich Structure
type: item
description: Sandwich composite materials are widely used in numerous engineering fields and applications due to their excellent mechanical properties and lightweight. The mechanical and physical properties, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of composite materials can be improved by adding various organic and inorganic filler materials. In this study, nano clay was used as filler in epoxy resin to examine the mechanical properties of the composite material by conducting tension, bending, cyclic bending, and short beam shear tests. PVC foam, widely known as a load-bearing component was used as the core, and Aluminum sheet was used as the upper and lower facing of the sandwich structure. Epoxy resin of 10:1 ratio was chosen for the intermediate interface with a variation of nano clay containing 0.5%, and 1% of the total mixture by mass. While manufacturing the sandwich structure, pressure was applied by creating a vacuum chamber using thick polythene and a vacuum pump and sucking the air out of the chamber. The study reveals that incorporating nano-clay affects material properties variably. Bending strength, specific energy absorption (SEA), and short beam shear strength increase to 0.5% but decline or stabilize beyond that. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and tensile strength decrease initially, then rise. Cyclic bending deformation increases with nano-clay content, peaking at 1%. No delamination occurs, though wrinkling is observed. The overall finding was negative and it was observed that the effect of nano clay was not significant due to the low strength of the soft PVC core.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sandwich structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Aluminum sheet
  topic: keywords
subject: PVC foam
  topic: keywords
subject: Nano clay
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Devashis Bagchi
creator: Bickrom Saha
creator: Md. Roknuzzaman
creator: Md Arifuzzaman
creator: Md Shariful Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Devashis Bagchi, Bickrom Saha, Md. Roknuzzaman, Md Arifuzzaman, Md Shariful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 660
ending page: 664
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.166

Enhancing the Flexural Strength of Perlite/Gypsum Composite Panels and Their Sandwich Structures using Gypsum Layer
type: item
description: In gypsum/perlite composite panels, due to incorporation of lightweight expanded perlite particles, the flexural properties are affected negatively. To address this issue, the flexural strength of gypsum/perlite composite panels and their sandwich structures with a gypsum surface layer was investigated in this work. The perlite contents of the composite were varied (40 g, 60 g and 80 g for each 390 g of gypsum) to manufacture the composites. A single gypsum layer was given on one side of the gypsum/perlite composite panels to improve the flexural strength. The sandwich structures with and without gypsum layer were fabricated by attaching formica sheet skins on both sides of the panels. Results show that the density reduced with more perlite content, making the panels lightweight and slightly increased due to addition of gypsum layer. Flexural testing revealed that pure gypsum panels had the maximum flexural strength while, with the increase of perlite in the matrix, the flexural strength decreased. Introducing the gypsum layer improved the flexural strength for these panels. Introducing formica sheet skins to the panels improved their flexural strength significantly. However, the best result was obtained for the sandwich panels using the gypsum layer in the gypsum/perlite composite core. The findings of this work show the method of improving the flexural strength of gypsum/perlite composite panels without losing the lightweight properties significantly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gypsum
  topic: keywords
subject: Perlite
  topic: keywords
subject: Reinforcement Layer
  topic: keywords
subject: Sandwich Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexural Properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Sabbir Raihan
creator: Md. Mohaimenul Islam
creator: Md Arifuzzaman
creator: Md Shariful Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Sabbir Raihan, Md. Mohaimenul Islam, Md Arifuzzaman, Md Shariful Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 633
ending page: 636
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.159

Advances in Solid-State Hole Transport Materials for Next-Generation Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
type: item
description: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer a promising alternative to conventional photovoltaic technologies due to their low cost, simple fabrication process, and potential for high efficiency. This review focuses on recent advancements in solid-state hole transport materials (HTMs) for next-generation DSSCs. Traditionally, DSSCs rely on dye molecules adsorbed on a semiconductor surface to harvest light and inject excited electrons into the conduction band. A critical challenge has been developing efficient HTMs to regenerate the dye molecules after electron injection. While liquid electrolyte-based DSSCs suffer from issues such as solvent evaporation, leakage, and stability concerns, solid-state HTMs have emerged to address these problems while maintaining high power conversion efficiencies. This review examines the evolution of solid-state HTMs, exploring materials such as organic small molecules, polymers, inorganic materials, and coordination metal complexes. Key breakthroughs in HTM design are highlighted, including improvements in conductivity, pore infiltration, and interface engineering, which have helped overcome challenges like poor pore filling and high recombination rates. Additionally, the review addresses the growing focus on low-cost, environmentally friendly HTMs and scalable fabrication techniques. Despite these advances, critical challenges remain, such as better understanding interfacial dynamics and developing HTMs with enhanced conductivity and stability. The review concludes with a discussion of future research directions, providing valuable insights for advancing the commercialization of efficient solid-state DSSCs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
  topic: keywords
subject: Hole Transport Materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Charge Transport
  topic: keywords
creator: Nasrin Ferdous Talukder
creator: Zunaid Hasan Tajim
creator: Anika Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nasrin Ferdous Talukder, Zunaid Hasan Tajim, Anika Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 649
ending page: 654
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.162

Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Mist Cooled Ribbed Channel with Different Rib Angle
type: item
description: The present work focuses on numerical analysis of a mist cooled rib channel with baffle in an internal cooling of a turbine blade. In this paper, flow and heat transfer characteristics are presented for rib channel with baffle at different angle of ribs that is used as internal cooling passage of turbine blades. ANSYS Workbench software is employed to measure surface heat transfer characteristics and friction factor over the ribbed surfaces in the designed ribbed channel with baffle. Using different boundary conditions, a mist cooled rib channel with baffle is validated for better Heat Transfer Characteristics, Friction factor and pressure profiles. The fundamental goal is to describe the heat transfer performance at different values of Reynolds Number, Prandtl Number with variation of rib angle. Besides this to calculate the friction factors at different values of Reynolds Number, Prandtl Number and rib angle. Increase of Reynolds Number increases the Nusselt Number. Increase of Rib angle increases Nusselt Number. But this is not satisfactory at angle 60°. At angle 60° Nusselt Number is comparatively lower. Because at rib angle 60° the formation of vortex is distributed near all row of rib. Compared with continuous baffle, the low heat transfer behind the rib is enhanced by the designed mist cooled ribbed channel with a slightly reduction of pressure drops. Variation of heat transfer as well as friction factors are respectively 5.6% and 5.4 % compared with continuous baffle. As Rib with baffle can enhance the overall hear transfer performance and create more uniform heat transfer fields, it is used in internal cooling of gas turbine blades.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Numerical Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ribbed Channel
  topic: keywords
subject: Turbine Blade
  topic: keywords
subject: Conjugate Heat Transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat Transfer Enhancement
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadhan Mondal
creator: Khandkar Aftab Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sadhan Mondal, Khandkar Aftab Hossain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 605
ending page: 610
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.154

Influence of Surface Temperature on The Hydrodynamic Characteristics for Flow over Rotational Cylinder
type: item
description: Turbulent flow over a rotational cylinder produces lift due to pressure differences on the upper and lower surfaces. The present numerical analysis focuses on the effect of the rotating cylinder's surface temperature. Simulations are carried out at the Reynolds number of 5000 for a series of velocity ratios ( 0 to 5). The surface temperature varied from 300 K to 500 K. A temperature-variable viscous model is used for the simulations as fluid viscosity depends on temperature. Results from the simulation show that the increased surface temperature of the cylinder for the velocity ratio below 3 slightly improves the lift coefficient. However, for higher velocity ratios (4 to 5), a significant improvement in the lift coefficient is found. In the case of the drag coefficient, however, values increase infinitesimally. The flow streamlines are around the cylinder, and the stagnation point is attached to the cylinder surface for 3. On the other hand, the streamlines fold around the cylinder, creating an Envelope Vortex at .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Velocity Ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: Reynolds Number
  topic: keywords
subject: Lift Coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: Drag Coefficient
  topic: keywords
subject: Vortex
  topic: keywords
creator: Sayedul Islam
creator: Abdullah Al-Faruk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sayedul Islam, Abdullah Al-Faruk (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 637
ending page: 642
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.160

Effect of Rayleigh number on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Finned Heat sink
type: item
description: In the present work, the performance of a vertical rectangular fin array based on a horizontal heat sink is analyzed for various Rayleigh number with increasing heating power by numerical analysis of steady state natural convection heat transfer. The continuity, momentum, and energy equations are solved using three-dimensional numerical simulations with FLUENT software to forecast the flow and temperature field with air as working medium. Governing equations are discretized and evaluated throughout the solid heat sink and fluid air computational domain. Fins made of aluminum with a high thermal conductivity were chosen for better heat dissipation. The enhancement of temperature differentials between the fluid domain and heat sink causes the Rayleigh number to rise with increased heating power. Using fixed fin base length, the declining character of thermal resistance, enhancement of heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers were analyzed for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 4×106 to 20×106. The temperature increases across the heat sink array, reaches to maximum in the middle, and then progressively releases the heat through the fins bodies into the surrounding air. Fluid flow and thermal structure between the transverse and longitudinal fin channels as well as along the entire fin array were depicted. Two different kinds of flow patterns were identified in the fin arrays channel, and the temperature flow had a parabolic structure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Natural Convection
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat Sink
  topic: keywords
subject: Rayleigh Number
  topic: keywords
subject: Buoyancy Force
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal Resistance
  topic: keywords
creator: Oishi Kanta
creator: Md Abdullah Al Mohotadi
creator: Khandkar Aftab Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oishi Kanta, Md Abdullah Al Mohotadi, Khandkar Aftab Hossain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 643
ending page: 648
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.161

Comparative Analysis of Forecasting Methods and Integration with Inventory Models for Efficient Demand Management in the Electronics Sector
type: item
description: Demand fluctuates over time, so forecasting future needs based on the previous data is crucial for proper inventory management. This study aims to showcase the proper way of choosing the perfect forecasting technique for a system and utilize it in the inventory model. In this study, the forecasted demands have been determined based on the sales data obtained from an electrical appliance retailer company using three forecasting techniques: Simple Moving Average, Simple Exponential Smoothing method, and Linear Regression. The forecasting results from these three methods are then examined by several error detection techniques: Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Forecast Error (MFE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The Linear regression has fewer errors among the forecasting techniques than the other two. The linear regression has 207.37 for MAD, 74679.50 for MSE, 0 for MAPE, and 25.13% for MAPE. Hence, the data obtained from linear regression was used to build an inventory model. The retailer sells electronic appliances, which are finished goods, and there is no evidence of extreme fluctuation or shortage, so the purchase model with instantaneous replenishment without shortage has been chosen as the inventory model. Sensitivity analysis on this inventory model has been conducted based on different carrying costs and ordering costs, which suggested that small changes in the ordering cost or the carrying cost result in remarkable changes in the total cost, and it indicates that the sensitivity of each type of cost on this inventory model is very high. This sensitivity can be mitigated by keeping the ordering and carrying costs within a fixed range. The findings of the study focuses on the importance of robust demand forecasting for effective inventory management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Simple Moving Average
  topic: keywords
subject: Simple Exponential Smoothing Method
  topic: keywords
subject: Linear Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Forecast
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Ashaduzzaman
creator: Shakil Ahmed Khan
creator: Nahiyan Ishmam Nawar
creator: Atif Abrar Biswas
creator: Md. Limonur Rahman Lingkon
creator: Md. Sanowar Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Ashaduzzaman, Shakil Ahmed Khan, Nahiyan Ishmam Nawar, Atif Abrar Biswas, Md. Limonur Rahman Lingkon, Md. Sanowar Hossain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 627
ending page: 632
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.158

Influence of Tube Geometry and Spacing on Thermal Performance in Automobile Radiators
type: item
description: This study investigates the influence of tube geometry and spacing on the heat transfer performance of automobile radiators using MATLAB and Simulink simulations. Despite innovations in heat exchanger designs, the impact of practical geometries like circular and rectangular tubes on radiator efficiency remains underexplored. The study examines heat exchanger performance by comparing outlet temperatures for circular and rectangular tubes at inlet temperatures of 310 K to 360 K, and analyzing the effectiveness-NTU relationship, highlighting geometric and operational impacts on efficiency. The NTU method was used to predict fluid outlet temperatures and also validated the simulations. In the case of tube shaping, the rectangular tubes achieve outlet temperatures of 307–347 K, compared to 308–351 K for circular tubes. For tube spacing, circular tubes stabilize at 334 K (2–15 tubes), while rectangular tubes drop to 323 K (up to 140 tubes) but rise to 340 K at 198 tubes due to flow limitations. The effectiveness of rectangular tubes rises sharply to 0.75 at NTU of 1, approaching 1 with minimal gains beyond NTU of 5. The NTU method predicts outlet temperatures of 309 to 359K, closely matching circular tubes but overestimating rectangular performance. This research identifies optimal tube configurations, contributing to improved thermal management. The findings have applications in automotive cooling systems, with future studies recommended for transient behavior analysis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Automobile Radiators
  topic: keywords
subject: Heat Transfer
  topic: keywords
subject: Tube Geometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Simulation
  topic: keywords
subject: NTU
  topic: keywords
creator: Jyotirmoy Mondal
creator: Dipayan Mondal
creator: Mohammad Sultan Mahmud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jyotirmoy Mondal, Dipayan Mondal, Mohammad Sultan Mahmud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 594
ending page: 599
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.151

Flexural Properties of Fly Ash Reinforced Perlite/Sodium Silicate Composite and Their Sandwich Structures
type: item
description: The current investigation is focused on improving the flexural properties of perlite/sodium silicate composites using fly ash as reinforcement. Perlite/sodium silicate composites are reinforced with varying amount of fly ash (15 %, 30 %, and 45 %). Formica sheet was used as skins of the sandwich structures with fly ash reinforced perlite/sodium silicate composite as core. To attach the formica sheet skins with core pure epoxy and fly ash reinforced epoxy was used. The flexural strength and modulus of perlite/sodium silicate composite, fly ash reinforced perlite/sodium silicate composite, and two types of sandwiches are determined by three point bending test according to the standard. Results showed that the flexural strength of fly ash reinforced perlite/sodium silicate composite for 30 % fly ash content was maximum and 147.62 % greater than perlite/sodium silicate composite without reinforcement. The flexural modulus increased with increasing fly ash content up to 40 % fly ash content. The maximum enhancement in flexural strength and modulus of fly ash reinforced core-based sandwiches were also found at a fly ash content of 30 %. Utilization of fly ash reinforced epoxy as adhesive layer in the interface between the core and the skin improved the flexural modulus of the sandwiches significantly but the flexural strength slightly decreased. The study suggests that fly ash is an excellent reinforcing agent for the improvement of the flexural properties of perlite/sodium silicate composites and their sandwich structures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sandwich Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Perlite
  topic: keywords
subject: Formica Sheet
  topic: keywords
subject: Fly ash
  topic: keywords
subject: Sodium Silicate Solution
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexural Properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Bickrom Saha
creator: Devashis Bagchi
creator: Md. Roknuzzaman
creator: Alamin Islam
creator: Md. Shariful Islam
creator: Md. Arifuzzaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bickrom Saha, Devashis Bagchi, Md. Roknuzzaman, Alamin Islam, Md. Shariful Islam, Md. Arifuzzaman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 622
ending page: 626
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.157

Cooling Load Analysis of a Household Refrigeration System: Evaluating the Impact of Compressor Efficiency
type: item
description: This research explores the cooling load and compressor performance in a R600a-based household refrigeration system, focusing on energy efficiency and thermal optimization. A refrigerator with two compartments was studied, which combines the thermodynamic model and experimental evaluation to assess the cooling demand and compressor work. The total cooling load, including transmission, product, and infiltration loads, accounted for 70.087W. Freezer and refrigerator temperatures were recorded at -19.84°C and 4.06°C while energy consumed was 56–58W compared to the specified 100W with suction and discharge temperatures of 32 and 54°C. However, the 130W compressor was rated at 66 ⁓70W with suction and discharge temperatures of 38℃ and 63℃ respectively with marked inefficiencies. The selection of materials was of particular importance for the performance. High R-value polyurethane foam insulation was able to cut thermal conductivity by 50%, thus saving energy by lowering cooling loads. The overall thermal management was further improved by the use of cold-rolled steel panels and polystyrene liners, the latter ensuring high strength and excellent insulation. The calculations for product and infiltration loads showed how the cooling efficiency might be affected by the ambient conditions and the thermal characteristics of the stored items. The findings confirm that a 100 W compressor is the most optimal choice for domestic refrigerators for this model since it performs well with a duty cycle of 70%, providing cooling in an energy-efficient way. This study brings out the role of advanced insulation materials and compressor technologies that are efficient in reducing energy consumption. Future developments will revolve around the use of variable-speed compressors and energy recovery systems to better cope with fluctuating operational requirements, thus contributing to international energy conservation standards and the furtherance of sustainable refrigeration technologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cooling Load
  topic: keywords
subject: Compressor
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Power Consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: Safety Factor
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Sohan Hossain
creator: Dipayan Mondal
creator: Md. Shamim Ahammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Sohan Hossain, Dipayan Mondal, Md. Shamim Ahammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 616
ending page: 621
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.156

Numerical Analysis of Bicycle Frame Using FEM
type: item
description: Bicycles are popular mode of transportation around the world. The frame is an important part of a bicycle, which comprises various parts including the top tube, bottom tube, seat tube, chain stay, seat stay, and head tube. The commonly used bicycle frame is diamond shaped. Extensive research has been conducted on the overall frame of different shaped sports bicycle using different materials. However, there are opportunities to conduct detailed research on individual frame tubes under a variety of load conditions. Such investigations could provide deeper insights into the stress distribution, deformation characteristics, and failure mechanisms of each tube. Using finite element analysis, this paper investigates the comparative behavior of each tube of a diamond-shaped bicycle frame using three different materials: Steel, Aluminum 6061-T6 and Titanium alloy. Three load conditions - static start up, horizontal load and vertical load are considered for the analysis. This analysis examines the stresses, that occur within the bicycle frame tubes and indicate that, steel tubes show superior performance in handling both stress and deformation comparing to aluminum and titanium tubes. The analysis reveals that, steel tubes exhibit approximately 65% less deformation compared to aluminum tubes and 51% less deformation compared to titanium tubes. Among the frame components, the seat stay, seat tube, and top tube experience the highest levels of deformation for all load cases. Also, the results show that, strain energy is highest in steel tubes, while aluminum tubes exhibit the lowest strain energy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Finite Element Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Bicycle Frame Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Ansys Structural
  topic: keywords
subject: Bicycle Tubes
  topic: keywords
creator: Md. Shaiful Islam
creator: Md. Shahidul Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Shaiful Islam, Md. Shahidul Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 582
ending page: 587
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.149

Enhancement of Solar Panel Efficiency using Integrating Mirror-Based Solar Concentration and Passive Cooling Strategy
type: item
description: Solar photovoltaic systems are a pragmatic, scalable approach to capturing clean energy, providing a sustainable substitute for fossil fuel-derived electricity, and leading to a crucial element in the global shift to renewable energy. Significant emphasis is placed on improving the efficiency of solar panels. In this study, a mirror-augmented solar photovoltaic system was developed to absorb maximum solar radiation from the sun, and to lower the solar panel's temperature, a passive cooling mechanism was implemented. The modified system was incorporated with two mirrors aligned at an angle of 60° (approximately) relative to the PV panel surface on either side of the panel construction for solar radiation concentration. Fins made of aluminum were also embedded in the backside of the modified system to prevent solar panel damage due to excessive heat generation. A comparative investigation was conducted between a conventional solar photovoltaic system and a modified photovoltaic system. The typical conventional photovoltaic module produced a maximum current, voltage, and power of 1.24 A, 20.90 V, and 13.21 W, respectively, at a solar radiation level of 655.50 W/m². Under identical solar radiation, the newly designed solar panel produced a maximum current and voltage of 1.47 A and 21.5 V and a power output of 16.75 W. The modified system exhibits a 27% improvement in output power compared to the reference one.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Solar Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Photovoltaic Module
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Solar Radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Passive Cooling
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahmudul Hassan
creator: Nibir Mondol
creator: Reni Hossain
creator: Md. Tanjir Rahman Mitul
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmudul Hassan, Nibir Mondol, Reni Hossain, Md. Tanjir Rahman Mitul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 600
ending page: 604
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.152

Study of Two Temperatures on Lab-scale Synthesis and Characterization of Hexagonal Boron Nitride
type: item
description: Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is a potential 2D material due to its advantageous characteristics such as low specific density, resilience to high temperatures, increased interlayer shear force, broad bandgap, and resistance to oxidation. This study aimed to explore a cost-effective and lab-scale synthesis method of h-BN by optimizing two temperatures. For the synthesis of h-BN, sol-gel synthesis method has been used. The synthesized h-BN was characterized by FTIR, XRD, and Zeta potential. FTIR confirmed the formation of BN at 600°C for 4 M boric acid-based precursor solution. XRD analysis showed the crystal size 27.74 nm for h-BN. Zeta potential was measured -26.8 mV for h-BN. This study will help the scientific community to easily synthesize and further tune the properties of h-BN which will ultimately open a new door in many fields such as medicine, drug delivery, environmental remediation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: h-BN
  topic: keywords
subject: FTIR
  topic: keywords
subject: XRD
  topic: keywords
subject: Zeta Potential
  topic: keywords
subject: Sol-Gel Synthesis
  topic: keywords
creator: Sifat Kawsar
creator: Abrar Rafid Siddique
creator: Abdullah-Al- Noman
creator: Sayem Kawsar
creator: Sumaiya Khan
creator: Iftheker Ahmed Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sifat Kawsar, Abrar Rafid Siddique, Abdullah-Al- Noman, Sayem Kawsar, Sumaiya Khan, Iftheker Ahmed Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 611
ending page: 615
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.155

Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Composite with Nanoparticle Integration
type: item
description: This thesis investigates the mechanical properties of composite materials with varying fiber orientations and nanoparticle compositions. Tensile tests reveal distinct mechanical properties: the unidirectional (0-degree) composite demonstrates the highest strength (657.41 MPa), stiffness (32.39 GPa), and ductility (5.437% strain), while the 90-degree composite exhibits lower strength (437.95 MPa) and stiffness (19.25 GPa) but higher ductility (4.847% strain). The 45-degree composite falls between the other two in terms of mechanical properties. Three-point flexural tests show similar trends, with the unidirectional (0-degree) composite displaying the highest strength (589.09 MPa) and stiffness. Charpy impact tests confirm the superior impact strength of the 0-degree composite, with an average impact strength of 13.51 J/cm2 and a maximum of 14.1287 J/cm2 for the 0-degree-1 sample, while the 90-degree composite exhibits the lowest average impact strength of 7.27 J/cm2. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into composite material properties for specific applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Carbon Fiber
  topic: keywords
subject: Unidirectional
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoparticle
  topic: keywords
subject: Orientation
  topic: keywords
subject: Composite
  topic: keywords
creator: Amlan Biswas
creator: Sobahan Mia
creator: Md. Sabbir Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amlan Biswas, Sobahan Mia, Md. Sabbir Hossain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-11
publication date: 2025-11-11
starting page: 570
ending page: 575
doi: 10.38032/scse.2025.3.147