Journal of Engineering Advancements (JEA) is an open-access, peer-reviewed, and international journal that publishes original research and review articles in all fields of engineering. JEA publishes its issues quarterly in March, June, September, and December. Editor in Chief: Dr. Mohammad Mashud ISSN: 2708-6437 (Online) 2708-6429 (Print) DOI: https://doi.org/10.38032/jea Frequency: Quarterly
All the articles published by this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
Mechanical Performance and Hydrophilic Behavior of Jute–Glass Hybrid Composites Fabricated by Vacuum Infusion
The demand for lighter and stronger materials has pushed research toward hybrid composites. In this work, hybrid composites combining glass and jute fibers were fabricated using the vacuum infusion process. The mechanical and hydrophilic behaviors of the prepared samples were evaluated in accordance with the relevant ASTM standard. Ten laminate configurations(S1-S10) were prepared by varying the stacking sequence of glass woven roving, glass CSM and alkali treated jute mats. Hybridization significantly improved performance relative to S9. Sample, S4 showed the highest tensile strength of 172.48 MPa and the highest hardness number of 92 (L scale) compared with the other prepared samples. It also exhibited the maximum flexural strength of 271.04 MPa. The highest impact strength was found in S8 at 64.56 kJ/m2. The order of stacking jute and glass layers in the laminate also changed the outcome. With a different stacking sequence, tensile stress went up 11.62%, flexural modulus rose 61%, and impact strength increased 60%. Water absorption was studied in both fresh and salt water. Placing glass fiber on the outside of the laminate reduced water intake while Placing jute on the outer layers of the laminate resulted in increased water absorption (1.35%, 0.86%, 3.72%, and 1.26% in different cases). In salt water, the composites exhibited reduced absorption, recording 0.47%, 0.46%, 1.60%, and 0.80% for the corresponding hybrid laminate. The results show that jute–glass hybrids work better than only jute composites. Glass fiber provided strength, while jute gave low cost and environmental benefit. Surface treatment of fibers was also seen to improve bonding and reduce water penetration. These findings suggest that jute–glass composites can be used in cars, boats, and aerospace where strength and sustainability are both needed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al Amin Chowdhury, Abdullah Al-Mamun, Md. Sanaul Rabbi, Shifat Hasan Naim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Industry 5.0 in Engineering and Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review and Strategic Framework
Industry 5.0 represents a fundamental shift in engineering and manufacturing, moving beyond automation and digitalization toward human-centric, resilient, and sustainable production systems through the intentional integration of human intelligence, creativity, emotional insight, and ethical judgment with advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, collaborative robotics, digital twins, and the Internet of Things. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the core principles, enabling technologies, emerging standards, and industrial applications of Industry 5.0, demonstrating how advanced human–machine collaboration supported by intelligent automation and ethical AI enhances adaptability, flexibility, resilience, and sustainability, while also revealing critical barriers to large-scale adoption, including fragmented standards, socio-technical integration challenges, ethical governance complexities, and workforce transformation demands. Building on these findings, the study proposes a strategic transformation framework structured around a five-phase roadmap—vision alignment, capability development, socio-technical integration, systemic adaptation, and continuous improvement—that combines human creativity, emotional intelligence, and moral reasoning with transparent, adaptive, and collaborative technologies to enable trustworthy human–machine synergy, environmental stewardship, and organizational agility. By delivering measurable improvements in resilience, inclusivity, and sustainability performance, the proposed framework provides actionable guidance for implementing Industry 5.0 across diverse sectors, including manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and education, and ultimately reframes industrial transformation by positioning human values, ethical governance, and planetary well-being at the core of next-generation intelligent and sustainable production ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Attia Hussien Gomaa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Proactive Asset Integrity Management in High-Risk Critical Facilities: A Comprehensive Review and Strategic Framework
Asset Integrity Management (AIM) is vital for ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of high-risk industrial assets in sectors such as advanced manufacturing, oil and gas, energy, and petrochemicals. As industrial systems grow increasingly complex, interconnected, and digitally enabled, traditional maintenance approaches often struggle to manage dynamic risks, performance variability, and long-term asset health. This study presents a comprehensive review of AIM methodologies and proposes a proactive, integrated framework that unifies Risk-Based Inspection (RBI), Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM), and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) within a single strategic model. The framework aligns strategic objectives, operational processes, and key performance indicators (KPIs), emphasizing risk mitigation, operational efficiency, workforce capability, and sustainability, while addressing implementation challenges such as leadership engagement, skill gaps, data governance, and digital integration. Conceptually validated across high-reliability industrial contexts, the model enhances Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Safety (RAMS) and, by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Digital Twins, advances Maintenance 4.0—enabling predictive, intelligent, and sustain-able maintenance ecosystems that minimize unplanned downtime, reduce lifecycle costs, and strengthen organizational resilience and long-term value creation.
Assessment of Groundwater and Mineralization Potentials of Jada and Environs Northeastern Nigeria Using High-resolution Aeromagnetic Data
This study analyzes high-resolution aeromagnetic data over Jada and its environs to evaluate groundwater and mineralization potentials. The research was conducted in three stages: data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Regional-Residual Separation (RRS) was employed to extract residual data, which was further processed using spectral analysis to determine Depth to Magnetic Sources (DMS) and analytic signal (AS) methods to delineate lineaments (L). The results indicate that the susceptibility values of the Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI), and Residual Magnetic Intensity (RMI) maps range from -35.3 to 173.7 nT, and -3.0 to 151.0 nT, respectively. The depths of deeper magnetic sources (D1) vary from 0.530 to 1.960 km, while shallow magnetic sources (D2) range from 0.423 to 0.622 km. The analytic signal map (ASM) exhibits values from 0.008 to 0.178 nT, while the lineament density map (LDM) ranges from 0.52 to 4.71. Structural trends derived from the anomalies and lineaments indicate multiple tectonic cycles have shaped the area, with predominant lineament orientations in the NE-SW direction. The findings suggest that the region holds promising potential for mineralization and groundwater accumulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamureyina Ezekiel, Maxwell Anthony Senguro, Mohammed Ali Garba, Hayatudeen Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Pharmaceutical Manufacturing through Statistical Process Control: An Industrial Engineering Approach to Quality Assurance
In modern manufacturing, particularly within the process-driven healthcare industry, maintaining stringent control over critical quality attributes is paramount for ensuring product integrity and safety. This study demonstrates the application of Statistical Process Control (SPC), a core methodology in industrial and production engineering, to monitor and manage key process parameters: pH and the concentration levels of preservatives Methyl Paraben (MP) and Propyl Paraben (PP). Utilizing a comprehensive sixpack analysis, this research provides an engineering-focused framework for achieving optimal product quality. The study conducted a retrospective analysis of 184 measurements for each parameter from a healthcare product's routine quality control data. Due to the non-normal distribution of raw data, a Johnson SU transformation was applied to ensure the validity of the statistical analysis. The results revealed process instabilities despite some parameters showing acceptable capability indices (Pp​ and Ppk​). The pH process was marginally capable (Pp=1.32, Ppk=1.21) but out-of-control, with a high defect rate. The MP assay showed good potential (Pp​=1.70) and capability (Ppk​=1.44) but exhibited instability, while the highly capable PP assay (Pp=2.00, Ppk=1.61) also showed signs of a process mean shift. This investigation demonstrated that while all tested products did not show out-of-specifications results, they pinpointed to the hidden signs of processes that need re-examination for significant improvements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mostafa Eissa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance of Jute Fiber Concrete
Concrete, inherently weak in tension and shows brittleness, can be strengthened and made more ductile through the addition of continuous reinforcement like fibers. However, conventional reinforced concrete is costly due to production and transportation expenses. This study explores the feasibility of enhancing concrete properties like mechanical and durability performances using locally sourced jute fibers. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, unit weight of jute fiber concrete (JFC) was observed as well as water absorption capacity was observed as durability performance of JFC. Experiments involved preparing concrete cylinders with 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% of volumetric concentrations of 10 mm and 12 mm jute fibers. Results indicated a significant increase in compressive strength from 14.54% to 30.10% and splitting tensile strength of 12.64% with 0.6%, 12 mm jute fibers concrete compared to plain concrete after 28 days. An increasing trend of water absorption capacity of JFC was observed for larger size jute fiber in the jute fiber concrete. The findings are for jute fiber-reinforced concrete as a cost-effective alternative for sustainable construction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tejendra Bhushal, Md. Rashedul Haque, Md. Rejwanul Islam, Hussain Al Mohmud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Waste to Innovation: A Review on Textile Waste-Based Composite Materials
The continuous acceleration of the textile industry, fueled by fast fashion and global demand, has led to the generation of millions of tons of textile waste throughout the world. Eventually, these textile wastes are dumped into the landfill or incinerated, which causes air, water, and soil pollution. Due to this issue, serious consequences for public health and the environment are arising. Considering this global environmental crisis, this review dives into the possibility of using textile waste in order to produce composite materials. This paper highlights various types and sources of textile wastes, followed by a detailed overview of several manufacturing methods such as compression molding, vacuum bag molding, and injection molding. The developed materials were further characterized for their mechanical, thermal, and acoustic behaviors. Results from different studies report that waste-based composites can exhibit high strength, good ductility, thermal insulation, and sound absorption properties. The alternative materials presented showcase tremendous potential across multiple industries, including automotive, construction, furniture, and electronics. Producing quality alternative materials from textile waste is an approach that supports the principles of the circular economy and promotes sustainable development. The review accentuates the significance of continuous research and innovation in the process of transforming textile waste into useful resources through eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Mustakim Ahmmad, Md. Sanaul Rabbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Numerical Stress Analysis of Mounting Structures for Rooftop Solar Panels in Public Buildings
The structural reliability of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) panel mounting systems is critical for ensuring both safety and long-term functionality, especially in the context of developing countries like Nigeria. This study introduces a novel hybrid numerical framework that combines deterministic Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with probabilistic Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to evaluate the mechanical performance of rooftop PV systems installed on public buildings. The originality of this work lies in its integration of stochastic environmental variability and probabilistic failure prediction often overlooked in conventional design practice with a localized case study in Akure, Nigeria. The study examines 24 monocrystalline PV modules mounted on aluminium rail structures under varying environmental conditions such as wind load, temperature, and installation deviation. Results indicate a 21.44% probability of structural failure when the safety factor falls below 1.5, with wind speed and installation variability being the most influential parameters according to a Sobol-based sensitivity analysis. Experimental wind tunnel tests using strain gauges validate the simulation, with less than 10% deviation. The findings present a data-driven methodology to inform context-specific structural standards and safety margins for rooftop PV installations in sub-Saharan Africa and similar environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adekunle Adefela, Sunday Ojo Oluwatoki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Performance of Different Coding Schemes for Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) Applications
This study investigates and compares the effectiveness of five separate coding schemes for NB–IoT applications. The coding schemes investigated were Turbo, Low Density Parity Check (LDPC), Reed Solomon (RS), Turbo–RS hybrid code and LDPC–RS hybrid code. The performance of these schemes was assessed in both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channel conditions using Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) method for error detection. LDPC codes employ a (1000 × 500) parity-check matrix and belief propagation for decoding, while turbo codes utilize pseudorandom data, block interleaving, and Viterbi decoding. Reed Solomon code employs generator polynomial in encoder and syndrome decoding. The five coding schemes were modelled and simulated using MATLAB software. The effectiveness of these codes was evaluated based on the Bit Error Rate (BER), Frame Error Rate (FER), and Energy Consumption. The simulation results show that all the coding schemes exhibit high energy consumption at low SNR for both channel conditions with RS consuming the most energy. In addition, the BER exhibits 10−1 value while the FER is near zero at low SNR for both channel conditions. At high SNR, the BER exhibits 10−6 value at 1.6 dB to 2.1 dB while the FER gives 10−1 value at 1 dB to 1.6 dB of SNR for both channels conditions with Turbo-RS hybrid code giving the best performance. This study indicates that Turbo-RS hybrid code is ideal for ultra-reliable, energy-efficient NB-IoT systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joseph K Afuye, Brendan C Ubochi, Kazeem B Adedeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Statistical Characterization and Process Control Assessment of Key Operational Parameters in Applied Engineering Systems
Ensuring consistent raw material quality is a significant challenge in chemical manufacturing, particularly for medicinal compounds where safety and efficacy are paramount. In these situations, a unique methodology known as Statistical Process Control (SPC) come into play. This study provides statistical process control analysis of four critical operational parameters for most the raw chemical compounds, especially in the medicinal chemistry— Specific Optical Rotation (SOR), Water Content (WC), RI, and Chromatographic Purity (CP)—derived from a dataset of 26 observations in an applied engineering context. The methodology encompasses descriptive statistics, rigorous distribution identification using Goodness-of-Fit tests, and process stability assessment via Individual- Moving Range (I-MR) and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) control charts. Descriptive statistics revealed diverse data characteristics, notably the high positive skewness (2.623) and kurtosis (9.386) of WC (Mean ± Standard Deviation: 0.177±0.106987) and the presence of negative values for SOR (Mean: -0.1, Min: -2, Max: 2). Distribution fitting identified Logistic and Normal as the most suitable for SOR, while RI demonstrated a best fit for normal distribution with Johnson Transformation. WC and CP exhibited significant non-normality and challenges in fitting standard distributions, often accompanied by warnings regarding convergence or parameter estimation stability. Crucially, control chart analysis identified significant out-of-control conditions for SOR, WC, and RI, indicating inherent process instability. CP, conversely, demonstrated stability with the optimized EWMA chart. The findings underscore the necessity of tailored statistical approaches for diverse data characteristics in quality control. Implementation of Statistical Process Control should not be underestimated in the chemical manufacturing industry, notably in the developing nations.
Radially Average Power Spectrum and Curie Isotherm from High Resolution Aeromagnetic Data, Over Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria
Data corresponding to high-resolution Aeromagnetic surveys obtained at the various positions across the upper Benue trough in northeastern Nigeria have been used to estimate Curie isotherm depth, and to create the radially averaged power spectrum. Processing and management of data were performed in Oasis Montaj TM software, which allowed obtaining the Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) and the residual magnetic anomaly maps. These maps formed an approximation to estimating the depth to the Curie isotherm and analyzing the radially averaged power spectrum. The depth extent is shown on the power spectrum analysis as shallow magnetic sources are between 0.16 and 1.13 kilometers, and deeper sources between 0.2 an+d 4.04 kilometers. The deep source, which displays the maximum thickness of sediments in the area, is caused by a deep-seated basement, whereas the shallow source depth is most likely the result of near-surface or shallow intrusions. The Curie depth result, which varies from 16.55 to 23.05 kilometers, represents the average local Curie temperatures recorded throughout the study area. The regions of Biu, Dumne, Shani, Yola, and Mayo Belwa were found to have high curie depths, respectively. It is thought that active metasedimentary volcanic activity and crustal thinning beneath the sub-basin are the causes of the Curie isotherm's change across the trough. The variation of the Curie shows how important mantle plume activity is at the beginning of rifting in the upper Benue valley isotherm across the trough.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hayatudeen Musa, Mohammed Ali Garba, Ezekiel Kamureyina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Coconut Biomass Reinforced Concrete Composites for Sustainable Construction
The incorporation of coconut biomass into cementitious composites has received increasing attention due to its environmental and structural benefits. This study investigates the impact of coconut biomass dispersion in concrete at concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (by weight), analyzing mechanical properties such as axial and diametral compressive strength, as well as the influence of this biomass on the carbonation process. The main results showed that the 1% biomass concentration promoted better homogeneity in the cementitious matrix, resulting in a 28% increase in compressive strength compared to the 2% biomass composites. Furthermore, it was observed that the presence of biomass delayed the progression of carbonation, maintaining the pH above critical levels for reinforcement protection, with values up to 9.5 at the end of the process. For the composite prepared with 3% (w/w), although the initial pH remained relatively high (11.5 to 12.0), the additional porosity caused by the excess biomass can accelerate carbonation, reducing the final pH to about 8.5 to 9.0, a value comparable to biomass-free concrete. The optimum biomass concentration, 2% (w/w), presented the best performance in terms of mitigating carbonation and maintaining pH.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danielle Santos, Phillippe Meirelles https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Thermal Performance with the Development of a Prototype Made up of Series Concrete Walls and EPS Sheets with the Application of Fourier's Law
Recent civil engineering research has focused on developing environmentally friendly materials and promoting sustainable energy use. In building construction, elements such as walls, windows, roofs, and floors form the building envelope, mediating internal conditions from external climate. Understanding thermal transmittance and environmental interactions enables evaluation of a building’s response to temperature, solar radiation, and wind, guiding technical solutions for adequate thermal performance. EPS (expanded polystyrene) is widely recognized for its high thermal insulation due to its closed cellular structure, reducing heat transfer and energy consumption for heating and cooling. This study developed a concrete-brick prototype lined with EPS plates of 2 cm and 3 cm thickness to evaluate their impact on indoor comfort. Internal temperatures were measured 0.5, 1, and 2 hours after exposure to a 60 W heat source, with and without EPS. After 2 hours, the 2 cm EPS wall reached 26 °C, while the uninsulated wall reached 41 °C. Increasing EPS thickness significantly improves insulation, although the 28% additional heat flux reduction must be weighed against cost and feasibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danielle Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Numerical Analysis of NACA 0015 Airfoil with Different Types of Flaps
Enhancing aerodynamic performance is critical in the aviation industry to improve aircraft efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. Airfoils, which generate lift and drag during motion through a fluid, are highly sensitive to geometric modifications. This study investigates the aerodynamic behavior of a NACA 0015 airfoil equipped with various flap configurations and flap deflection angles. Flaps are widely used to increase the camber and effective angle of attack of an airfoil, thereby enhancing lift generation. The NACA 0015 airfoil was modeled using SOLIDWORKS, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent, employing the k-ω SST turbulence model at a Reynolds number of 100,000. Results indicate that both lift and drag coefficients increase with the angle of attack. The highest lift coefficient was achieved using a plain flap at a deflection angle of 20° and an angle of attack of 10°, while the highest drag force occurred under the same conditions. Compared to the baseline (unmodified) airfoil, the lift-to-drag ratio improved significantly with flap deployment, reaching its maximum for a plain flap at a 10° deflection. The simulation outcomes were validated against available experimental data under comparable boundary conditions. These findings offer valuable guidance for optimizing airfoil-flap configurations, with direct implications for the design of more efficient wing and control surface systems in modern aircraft, ultimately contributing to enhanced fuel economy and overall aerodynamic performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Simanto Das, Md. Atikur Rahman Khan, Sudipto Kumar Dash, Eyasin Hossain Sayeed, Md. Mehdi Masud Talukder https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pneumonia Classification: Assessing the Impact of Fine-Tuning on Diagnostic Accuracy
Pneumonia is a major health problem, particularly in low and middle-income nations. Pneumonia continues to be a serious health concern, especially in areas with limited resources and diagnostic capabilities. With an emphasis on the efficacy of fine-tuning ResNet101, this study assesses the diagnostic performance of deep learning models for pneumonia classification using chest X-ray pictures. The RSNA public dataset was used to train the model, and a locally selected dataset from Bangladesh was used for testing. The adjusted ResNet101 had an overall accuracy of 84% and 89%, with an AUC of 0.86 and 0.67 on RSNA and local data respectively. In contrast, DenseNet121 shown problems with generalization as it declined to 77.6% accuracy (AUC = 0.59) on local data after achieving 95% accuracy (AUC = 0.99) on RSNA. This study also addresses the possibility of deploying diagnostic models via the web and on mobile devices in settings with limited resources. The study shows the viability and constraints of fine-tuned deep learning models for practical implementation in low-resource medical settings, despite the difficulties presented by small, unbalanced local datasets
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Abid Ahammed, Chinmay Bepery, Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Raihan Masud, Md Atikqur Rahaman, Md. Moshiur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Novel Biosorption Method for Eliminating Methylene Blue Dye from Wastewater Using Sweet Potato Peels
This study explores the use of sweet potato peels, Ipomoea batatas (SPP) as biosorbent for elimination of Methylene Blue, Methylthioninium chloride (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of key variables, including adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial dye concentration, on the removal efficiency of MB. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of MB increased with the adsorbent dosage, reaching an optimal value of 72% at a dosage of 1.0 g/100 mL, corresponding to a maximum adsorption capacity of 7.2 mg/g. Additionally, the adsorption process achieved equilibrium at 50 minutes of contact time. However, higher concentrations of MB in the solution led to a decrease in removal efficiency, likely due to the saturation of the adsorbent surface. Further analysis using FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phenolic groups on the sweet potato peel surface, which play a crucial role in the adsorption process. Kinetic modeling using the pseudo-second-order model revealed that the pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit with R² > 0.99, confirming chemisorption behavior. The study concluded that sweet potato peels are an effective, eco-friendly adsorbent for MB dye removal, demonstrating a low-cost and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment. The findings highlight the potential of this agricultural byproduct in addressing water pollution concerns, providing a viable solution aligned with environmental conservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Husnain, Amna Azam, Asim Umer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Flexural Behavior of Jute Fiber Mat-Reinforced Gypsum/Perlite Composites: Effects of Loading Rate and Reinforcement
This study investigates the flexural performance of sustainable gypsum composites reinforced with jute fiber mat and expanded perlite filler. Through systematic experimentation at varying loading rates (2, 100, and 500 mm/min), we demonstrate how jute fiber reinforcement transforms the inherently brittle gypsum matrix into a pseudo-ductile material with superior energy absorption capacity. The incorporation of expanded perlite reduces composite density while maintaining structural integrity, creating a multifunctional material suitable for modern construction needs. Key findings reveal that jute fiber reinforcement enhances flexural toughness by up to approximately 700% compared to unreinforced specimens, with progressive fiber/yarn pull-out mechanisms preventing catastrophic failure. Although perlite addition decreases flexural strength (from 3.82 MPa to 1.19 MPa in unreinforced samples), the hybrid composites exhibit an optimal balance between mechanical performance and lightweight characteristics. Notably, the composites maintain 30–50% residual load capacity even at 15 mm displacement, demonstrating exceptional damage tolerance across all loading rates. These results demonstrate the potential of jute fiber mat-reinforced perlite-gypsum composites for seismic-resistant interior applications, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional building materials. The study provides a foundation for developing eco-friendly construction materials with enhanced mechanical and functional properties. Future work should evaluate seismic performance under cyclic loading to evaluate their performance and further improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Mohaimenul Islam, Md Sabbir Raihan, Md. Arifuzzaman, Md Shariful Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unlocking the Potential of Jute: A Comprehensive Review of Its Innovative Applications in Composite Materials
The environmental hazards of synthetic materials have intensified the global pursuit of sustainable, biodegradable alternatives. Jute, a widely available natural fiber, has emerged as a viable reinforcement in bio-composites due to its low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and mechanical robustness. This review presents a comprehensive and critical evaluation of recent advancements in jute fiber-based composites, covering their structure, morphology, chemical composition, surface modifications, and processing techniques. Notably, it highlights the unique potential of jute in nanotechnology, including the production of nanocellulose and its applications in biodegradable packaging, energy storage, and 3D printing areas that have been sparsely covered in previous literature. The study also synthesizes insights on novel hybrid composites, fiber treatments, and fabrication methods that enhance jute’s compatibility with polymer matrices. Key findings indicate that surface modifications significantly improve fiber-matrix adhesion and thermal stability, enabling broader industrial applications. Challenges such as flammability, moisture absorption, and limited thermal resistance are critically assessed, alongside emerging solutions. This review identifies strategic gaps, particularly in scalable processing, high-performance nanocomposites, and the integration of circular economy principles, and outlines future research directions to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale innovation and industrial deployment. By exploring under-researched areas and cross-sector applications, this work extends the frontier of jute-based composite research and supports its evolution into a high-value, environmentally friendly material.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mostafizur Rahman, Mohammad Bellal Hoque, Foisal Ahmed , Ekra Ahmed , Md Ariful Hossain Faisal, Tamanna Hasan, Badhon Baria , Dip Das, Md. Sohan Sheikh , Ruhul Amin Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Taro Fiber: A Comprehensive Review of Extraction, Properties, Applications, and Future Perspectives
Taro fiber, derived from the Colocasia esculenta plant, has gained attention as a sustainable alternative to synthetic and conventional natural fibers. This review explores extraction techniques, physicochemical properties, modifications, applications, and future directions of taro fiber. Taro fiber contains a high proportion of cellulose, offers low density, and demonstrates competitive tensile strength. These characteristics support its suitability for applications in textiles, biocomposites, biomedical devices, packaging, and environmental remediation. Recent developments in enzymatic retting, mechanical decortication, and green chemical treatments have enhanced extraction efficiency and quality. However, challenges such as scalability, economic viability, and environmental concerns require targeted solutions. This review identifies key research gaps including limited life cycle assessments, insufficient in vivo biocompatibility data, and lack of standardized industrial protocols. Future work should focus on sustainable production methods, advanced functionalization, integration into circular economy frameworks, and interdisciplinary collaboration to unlock the full potential of taro fiber across sectors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Bellal Hoque, Tanzim Hossain Oyshi, Badhon Baria, Masuma Jahan Tanjila, Umma Ayman, Md. Imran Hosen, Sohan Sheikh, Md. Mostafiz Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Low-Carbon Concrete Development: Integrating Silica Fume, Glass Powder and Recycled Aggregates
Low-carbon concrete has an essential role in the reduction of the environmental impact of the building industry. Ordinary concrete manufacture is a significant contributor of carbon emissions due to high amount of energy that is needed in the processing of cement. The use of industrial by-products and recycled materials will offer a green solution to this problem. The research aims at exploring the use of silica fume (SF), waste glass powder (GP), and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) as partial cement and natural aggregate replacements in developing eco-friendly concrete with reduced carbon footprint. A total of 16 concrete mixes (K0-K15) were designated with a mix ratio of 1:1:2 and a water-cement ratio of 0.45. Workability, compressive strength and tensile strength of different mixtures were tested. It was found that SF and RCA reduced workability because of the higher water demand, whereas GP increased it at low replacement levels, but the opposite happened at high GP contents e.g., in mix C30R100 (34 mm slump). The strength was significantly lowered by the porosity and poor bonding of RCA, but to a certain extent, SF countered this impact via pozzolanic responses. As an example, Mix C20R50 (20% cement replacement, 50% RCA) had about 85% of the strength of the control mix (C0) with 90 mm slump and 28-day compressive strength of 39.6 MPa, demonstrating that a reasonable trade-off between performance and sustainability is possible. A right combination of these materials may facilitate sustainability without compromising the structural performance. Mix C20R50 attained the best balance and showed better strength retention and reasonable workability without chemical admixtures. The study contributes to low-carbon concrete technologies by promoting the use of industrial byproducts, and recycled materials in construction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Saniul Haque Mahi, Abdimajid Mohamed Jama, Abdifatah Abdiwahab Abdi, Abdirahin Amin Abuu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Production Loss to Enhance the Productivity of a Knitting Floor
This research investigates numerous approaches for improving the productivity of a particular knitting floor. There are numerous reasons to pursue an immediate reduction in inefficiencies on knitting floors. Several perceptions were implemented to unveil the disputes for initiating an optimum solution for the floor during knitting. Therefore, ten selected machines have been employed with an Adiabatic Cooling System for scrutinizing a comprehensive production efficiency analysis. Hence an equilibrium of both temperature and humidity was achieved on the floor, restraining minimal dust by spraying micro droplets of water. Neither of the mechanisms subsidized the production efficiency between 12% and 17%, which was lower than the esteemed level taken at the maximum time. Consequently, the plant began to receive 2% to 5% more production than usual once the mentioned methods were implemented gradually. Thus, it reduced the yarn breakage preserving humidity and temperature in a synchronized state. Meanwhile, a foremost response has been achieved by reducing the flying dust. Furthermore, the environment of the knitting floor, routine machine maintenance, and the strain on the machine operator all have vital contributions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dip Das, Salin Asfi, Rezwan us Saleheen, Mohammad Bellal Hoque, Md. Mostafizur Rahman, Badhon Baria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Study of Production of Bio-fuel from Mango Seed Kernel Using Pyrolysis and Chemical Conversion Processes
The conversion of mango seed kernel into biofuel was performed through thermal pyrolysis and chemical transesterification process in this present study. The research also involved a comparative analysis of product yield and physico-chemical properties of the resulting biofuel. The pyrolysis experiment was performed in a 22 cm length and 15 cm diameter fixed bed external heating reactor at a temperature ranging from 150 – 350°C using a full-size sample. The major components of the experimental setup included a furnace, fixed-bed external heating reactor, water-cooled condenser, K-type thermocouples, and collectors for liquid and char. Instead of electricity, low-grade waste biomass was used for heating. This process achieved a maximum biofuel yield of 30.18 wt.%. For the chemical process, initially vegetable oil was extracted through a solvent extraction method, mixing the samples in a 1:2 ratio with hexane and stirring the mixture at a temperature between 25 – 50°C for a duration of 3 – 12 hours, resulting in a 17.3 wt.% yield of vegetable oil. After that, the obtained vegetable oil was transesterified using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst at 60°C for 1 – 1.5 hours. A maximum of 75 – 80 wt.% of extracted vegetable oil was converted into biofuel. The produced biofuels were evaluated for their suitability as alternative fuels by analyzing their physico-chemical properties including viscosity, density, pour point, flash point, and gross calorific value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Mushrafi Al- Mueed, Md. Masud Rana, Md. Hasan Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Experimental Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of NACA 0012 Wing Model with Multiple Winglets
Downwash in the wing causes a reduction of lift and generates an additional drag, known as the lift-induced drag or the vortex drag for the finite wing. This induced drag ultimately deteriorates the aerodynamic performance of the aircraft. The technical potentiality of multi-winglets is examined in this work to reduce the induced drag without enlarging the wing’s span. Aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA 0012 airfoil section-built wing model with gradual increase of winglets have been studied using a subsonic wind tunnel of 1 m × 1 m × 1 m rectangular test section. An untwisted wing model tapered towered tip was constructed using the NACA 0012 airfoil sections for the wind tunnel experiments. Airfoil-shaped wooden plates of the same airfoil profile were used to make the winglets. Experiments were carried out on the wing with the winglets at 0°, 5°, 10° and 15° incidence angles. The results show that the wing with a gradual increase from one winglet to three winglets can reduce the induced drag and improve the aerodynamic performance. The lift coefficient increases up to 21.2%, and the drag coefficient decreases up to 27.2% when multiple winglets are attached with wing mode compared to single winglet. Enhancing lift performance, reducing vortex drag, and improving overall aerodynamic efficiency in multi-winglet configuration can improve fuel efficiency, leading to better aircraft performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Zadid Iqbal, Abdullah Al-Faruk, Md. Ashraful Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Stir Casted Hybrid Al Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Al2O3 and TiO2
This study investigates the impact of incorporating aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) into an aluminum matrix. The primary objectives of this research were to create composite materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio and to assess their mechanical properties. The experiment involved the homogenous dispersion of 99.9% pure aluminum powder with Al2O3 and TiO2 reinforcements. Three samples were produced by the stir casting method, utilizing finely ground aluminum powder mixed with an equal proportion of Al2O3 and TiO2 (2.5% Al2O3 + 2.5% TiO2, 5% Al2O3 + 5% TiO2, 7.5% Al2O3 + 7.5% TiO2). The morphological distribution of reinforcements was determined through structural analysis utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tests were undertaken to examine the mechanical qualities of hardness, tensile strength and impact strength. The addition of reinforcement to the aluminum matrix leads to a reduction in hardness. The highest tensile strength observed in the sample reinforced with a combination of 5% Al2O3 and 5% TiO2. Conversely, the incorporation of reinforcements was observed to enhance the impact strength. The current hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite is considered valuable for diverse engineering applications that require a high strength-to-weight ratio.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Imtiaj Hossain, Minhaz Ahmed, Tafsirul Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gamma Irradiation-Induced Modifications in E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: A Structural and Performance Analysis
This study explores the role of gamma irradiation in altering the mechanical properties and microstructure of E-glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. E-glass fiber, known for its superior strength and durability, was combined with polypropylene to produce composites with varying fiber weight percentages (20-60 wt%). The composites were subjected to 3 kGy gamma radiation, and their tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), elongation at break (Eb%), and impact strength (IS) were evaluated. Results revealed that the optimal mechanical performance was achieved at 50 wt% fiber content, where gamma radiation improved TS by 16%, TM by 13%, Eb% by 9%, and IS by 13% compared to non-irradiated composites. Improved fiber-matrix adhesion was achieved through the cross-linking effect of gamma radiation on the polymer matrix which leads to better load transfer and mechanical properties. The results of this research highlight the efficacy of gamma irradiation to strengthen E-glass/PP composites for rigorous applications such as aerospace and automotive sectors. The present work emphasizes the importance of considering radiation treatment in composite design, especially in applications exposed to radiation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahirin Shahida, Md. Mostafizur Rahman, Mohammad Bellal Hoque, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Badhon Baria, Tamanna Hasan, Ruhul A. Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An IoT enabled Artifact Protection System for Museum using Computer Vision
Currently, museums lack preventive security measures, leading to the theft of precious artifacts. Safeguarding artifacts and any sacred items in museums is a challenging job, as they need to be secured while at the same time being accessible to all visitors. This calls for an integrated security system to prevent theft and decrease crimes involving artifacts. This paper proposes a novel IoT-enabled, computer vision-based, holistic approach for protecting artifacts in museums. A camera functions as the imaging device that is employed to detect the movement of any artifact from a predetermined position, while the Raspberry Pi 4B manages the processing and operations of the system. This system further utilizes an image processing technique, i.e., the Haar Cascade algorithm and OpenCV, to detect artifact movement. In addition, the device will also record the photos of any authorized or unauthorized individuals anytime it detects any movement of the artifact. The system has produced a high accuracy of 93.33% and high precision of 96.29%, indicating a higher level of reliability with very few false alarms. This method will serve as an efficient mechanism for protecting artifacts at a reduced cost. The proposed system can be implemented at any kind of museum or cultural site.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salman, Molla Rashied, Rumana Tasnim, Zonayed, Sayma, Md Mizanur Rahman, Anwar Hossain Mokhter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of an Interference Reduction Scheme for Femtocell Network
The development of new multimedia applications has led to an increase in demand for broadband communications in recent years. To cater for this trend, it has been suggested to install cellular networks densely with extensive frequency reuse schemes. Densification of femtocells is a potential approach in this regard to meet the rising needs of mobile services and to sustain the Quality of Service (QoS) of users, especially for indoor users in situations such as homes and businesses. The primary issue with this type of setup is the co-tier (femtocell to femtocell) and cross-tier (femtocell to existing macrocell) interferences caused by many cells using the same spectrum at the same time. When femtocells are found in the macrocell's cell edge region, the issue becomes more complicated. This degrades the QoS. Therefore, reducing interferences is an important issue. Unfortunately, conventional methods of interference reduction have not been able to effectively tackle the interference problem in femtocell networks. To address this, a dynamic resource allocation method using the Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm was developed in this study. In this study, femtocell was modeled considering low density and high density Femtocell Access Point (FAP) deployments to evaluate their impact of interference on the performance of the developed scheme. Modelling and simulations were carried out in MATLAB software environment. The results obtained showed that the developed scheme was able to reduce the interference level between femtocell users. Likewise, the developed scheme outperformed the conventional method of interference reduction in femtocell network. The study also reveals that more number of users can be accommodated with reduced interference level when the low density FAP deployments were used.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gbenga V. Adekogba, Kazeem B. Adedeji, Yekeen O. Olasoji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the Fuel Potential of Castor Biodiesel and Its Blends for Land-Based Gas Turbine Engine
The significant contributions of land-based gas turbines to the power generation sector cannot be over emphasized. However, fueling gas turbines with fossil fuels is linked to atmospheric emissions, contributing to global warming and climate change. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the potential of locally sourced castor oil as a credible biodiesel feedstock for powering land-based gas turbines. Castor seeds were locally sourced, and crude oil was produced via mechanical extraction. The physio-chemical properties of the fuels were evaluated, and both the oils and the resulting biodiesels were characterized for specific gravity, viscosity, sulfur content, and lower heating value, using ASTM standards. The sulfur content for castor oil was 0 mg/L compared to diesel’s 0.73 mg/L. Castor biodiesel (COB) had a specific gravity of 0.9594, while diesel's specific gravity was 0.8536, with specific gravity increasing from B10 to B30. Thermodynamic performance of the castor biodiesel and its blends was analyzed using GASTURB software, examining specific fuel consumption (SFC), power output, fuel flow rate, thermal efficiency, and emissions. Results showed that COB and B30 had the highest power outputs of 33,839.5 kW and 33,801.9 kW, respectively. However, COB had higher SFC (0.4567 kg/kWh) and fuel flow (2.66366 kg/s) compared to diesel (0.2934 kg/kWh and 1.98875 kg/s). The findings suggest that COB fuel and its blends have potential for powering land-based gas turbines.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adache Adache Linus, Taye Stephen Mogaji, Olayinka Mohammed Olabanji, Olagoke Zephaniah Ayodeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Substrate Materials on the Performance of a Triple-Band Notched Frequency UWB Antenna
In this paper, the influence of different substrate materials on the performance of a triple-band notched frequency of ultra-wide band (UWB) antenna is presented. The antenna has a rectangular shape with dimension 31 by 24 mm and operates at UWB frequency band of 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software. The effect of eight different substrate materials with different dielectric constant was examined on the antenna. Under each substrate, the performance of the antenna was investigated based on the antenna gain, directivity, radiation pattern, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), impedance bandwidth and S-parameter. Through thorough analysis, the results gave strong indication that UWB antenna performance is greatly affected by the type of dielectric substrate material chosen for design. The paper demonstrates the effect dielectric substrate material has on the antenna performance measurement like radiation pattern, gain, directivity and VSWR.
Copyright (c) 2024 Gabriel A. Fadehan, Kazeem B. Adedeji, Yekeen O. Olasoji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Experimental Study on the Effect of Skin Friction Drag and Convective Heat Transfer for Viscoelastic and Pseudoplastic Fluid Flow
Drag Reducing Agents (DRAs) have a huge impact and major concern in engineering and industrial applications. It makes the fluid flow turbulent to laminar, dampens eddy reduces head loss by up to a certain limit, and saves pumping energy costs. Viscosity is the property that dampens eddy due to the viscous effect, which increases the fluidity up to a certain limit. Pseudoplasticity is the shear thinning effect that decreases viscosity when the flow rate increases. So, for the viscoelastic effect, we can increase the concentration up to a certain limit to reduce head loss. Still, during flow due to the pseudoplastic effect, the viscosity will start decreasing which is a negative effect. So, these combined effects are studied to reduce skin friction drag in the pipeline and save energy costs which will be convenient for the food industry, chemical, and medicine industries. In this investigation, investigation is carried out for 0.3 g/L, 0.2 g/L, and 0.15 g/L of xanthan gum in turbulent flow to observe the pressure drop and heat transfer rate. The study reveals that after increasing viscosity the pressure drop reduced significantly. Conversely, the heat transfer rate was also reduced due to the poor mixing effect. A higher performance and less vibration of the pump was also observed. It was concluded that the frictional pressure drop was reduced up to 85 % and the heat transfer rate was reduced by up to 90% by increasing the concentration of the DRA up to 0.3 g/L at 10 LPM than the pure water or base fluid as a working substance on the double pipe heat exchanger. As the heat transfer rate reduced up to 90% with reducing pressure drop another aim of the study was to establish a concentration and flowrate for which the heat transfer rate is maximum and it was found at a concentration of 0.15 g/L of DRAs (drag reducing agents) at 22 LPM (maximum flowrate at this setup).
Copyright (c) 2024 Meraz Ahammed, Md. Mahbubul Alam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0