Industry 5.0 in Engineering and Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review and Strategic Framework
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38032/jea.2026.01.002Keywords:
Industry 5.0, Human-Centric Manufacturing, Intelligent Systems, Sustainable Production, Ethical Engineering, Resilient ManufacturingAbstract
Industry 5.0 represents a fundamental shift in engineering and manufacturing, moving beyond automation and digitalization toward human-centric, resilient, and sustainable production systems through the intentional integration of human intelligence, creativity, emotional insight, and ethical judgment with advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, collaborative robotics, digital twins, and the Internet of Things. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the core principles, enabling technologies, emerging standards, and industrial applications of Industry 5.0, demonstrating how advanced human–machine collaboration supported by intelligent automation and ethical AI enhances adaptability, flexibility, resilience, and sustainability, while also revealing critical barriers to large-scale adoption, including fragmented standards, socio-technical integration challenges, ethical governance complexities, and workforce transformation demands. Building on these findings, the study proposes a strategic transformation framework structured around a five-phase roadmap—vision alignment, capability development, socio-technical integration, systemic adaptation, and continuous improvement—that combines human creativity, emotional intelligence, and moral reasoning with transparent, adaptive, and collaborative technologies to enable trustworthy human–machine synergy, environmental stewardship, and organizational agility. By delivering measurable improvements in resilience, inclusivity, and sustainability performance, the proposed framework provides actionable guidance for implementing Industry 5.0 across diverse sectors, including manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and education, and ultimately reframes industrial transformation by positioning human values, ethical governance, and planetary well-being at the core of next-generation intelligent and sustainable production ecosystems.
References
[1] Gomaa, A.H., 2025. Transforming Manufacturing from Industry 4.0 to Industry 6.0: A Comprehensive Review, Gap Analysis, and Strategic Framework. Interdisciplinary Systems for Global Management, 1(1), pp.29-51.
[2] Leng, J., Sha, W., Wang, B., Zheng, P., Zhuang, C., Liu, Q., Wuest, T., Mourtzis, D. and Wang, L., 2022. Industry 5.0: Prospect and retrospect. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 65(1), pp.279-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.09.017
[3] Duggal, A.S., Malik, P.K., Gehlot, A., Singh, R., Gaba, G.S., Masud, M. and Al‐Amri, J.F., 2022. A sequential roadmap to Industry 6.0: Exploring future manufacturing trends. Iet Communications, 16(5), pp.521-531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cmu2.12284
[4] Xu, L.D., Xu, E.L. and Li, L., 2018. Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends. International journal of production research, 56(8), pp.2941-2962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1444806
[5] Maddikunta, P.K.R., Pham, Q.V., Deepa, N., Dev, K., Gadekallu, T.R., Ruby, R. and Liyanage, M., 2022. Industry 5.0: A survey on enabling technologies and potential applications. Journal of industrial information integration, 26(1), p.100257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100257
[6] Barata, J. and Kayser, I., 2023. Industry 5.0–past, present, and near future. Procedia Computer Science, 219, pp.778-788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.01.351
[7] Choudhary, D. and Nandy, I., 2024. A study of sustainability risks from industry 4.0 perspective: taxonomy and future research avenues. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 34(6), pp.1178-1205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-11-2023-0277
[8] Chourasia, S., Tyagi, A., Pandey, S. M., Walia, R. S., & Murtaza, Q., 2022. Sustainability of Industry 6.0 in Global Perspective: Benefits and Challenges. MAPAN, 37(2), 443–452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-022-00541-w
[9] Kaswan, M.S., Rathi, R., Cross, J., Garza-Reyes, J.A., Antony, J. and Yadav, V., 2023. Integrating green lean six sigma and industry 4.0: a conceptual framework. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 34(1), pp.87-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-03-2022-0115
[10] Gerrikagoitia, J.K., Unamuno, G., Urkia, E. and Serna, A., 2019. Digital manufacturing platforms in the industry 4.0 from private and public perspectives. Applied Sciences, 9(14), p.2934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142934
[11] Ivanov, D., 2023. The Industry 5.0 framework: viability-based integration of the resilience, sustainability, and human-centricity perspectives. International Journal of Production Research, 61(5), pp.1683-1695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2022.2118892
[12] Leong, W.Y. ed., 2024. Industry 5.0: Design, standards, techniques and applications for manufacturing. The Institution of Engineering and Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/PBME026E
[13] Almusaed, A., Yitmen, I. and Almssad, A., 2023. Reviewing and integrating aec practices into industry 6.0: Strategies for smart and sustainable future-built environments. Sustainability, 15(18), 13464, pp. 1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151813464
[14] Gomaa, A.H., 2025a. Lean 4.0: A Strategic Roadmap for Operational Excellence and Innovation in Smart Manufacturing. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE), 13(5), pp.1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijese.D2592.13050425
[15] Gomaa, A.H., 2025b. LSS 4.0: A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Lean Six Sigma and Industry 4.0 for Smart Manufacturing Excellence. Indian Journal of Management and Language (IJML, 5(1), pp. 8-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54105/ijml.H1810.05010425
[16] Gomaa, A.H., 2025c. Maintenance 4.0: Optimizing Asset Integrity and Reliability in Modern Manufacturing. International Journal of Inventive Engineering and Sciences (IJIES), 12(2), pp.18-26, pp. 18-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijies.B1098.12020225
[17] Gomaa, A.H., 2025d. RCM 4.0: A Novel Digital Framework for Reliability-Centered Maintenance in Smart Industrial Systems. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE), 13(5), pp. 32-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijese.E2595.13050425
[18] Gomaa, A.H., 2025e. SCM 4.0 Excellence: A Strategic Framework for Smart and Competitive Supply Chains. International Journal of Management and Humanities (IJMH), 11(8), pp. 24-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.G1798.11080425
[19] Gomaa, A.H., 2025f. Smart Maintenance in Industry 4.0: Optimizing Equipment Performance Through Digital Twins and Lean Six Sigma Integration. IUP Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 18(1), pp.7-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.71329/IUPJMECH/2025.18.1.7-31
[20] Calabrese, A., Levialdi Ghiron, N. and Tiburzi, L., 2021. ‘Evolutions’ and ‘revolutions’ in manufacturers’ implementation of industry 4.0: a literature review, a multiple case study, and a conceptual framework. Production Planning & Control, 32(3), pp.213-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2020.1719715
[21] Mourtzis, D., Angelopoulos, J. and Panopoulos, N., 2022. A Literature Review of the Challenges and Opportunities of the Transition from Industry 4.0 to Society 5.0. Energies, 15(17), 6276, pp.1-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176276
[22] Nahavandi, S., 2019. Industry 5.0—A human-centric solution. Sustainability, 11(16), p.4371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164371
[23] Abdel-Basset, M., Mohamed, R. and Chang, V., 2025. A Multi-criteria decision-making Framework to evaluate the impact of Industry 5.0 technologies: Case Study, lessons learned, challenges and future directions. Information Systems Frontiers, 27(1), pp.791–821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-024-10472-3
[24] Ghobakhloo, M., Iranmanesh, M., Vilkas, M., Grybauskas, A. and Amran, A., 2022. Drivers and barriers of industry 4.0 technology adoption among manufacturing SMEs: a systematic review and transformation roadmap. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 33(6), pp.1029-1058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-12-2021-0505
[25] Dyba, W. and De Marchi, V., 2022. On the road to Industry 4.0 in manufacturing clusters: the role of business support organisations. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 32(5), pp.760-776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-09-2021-0126
[26] Gajdzik, B., Grabowska, S. and Saniuk, S., 2021. A theoretical framework for industry 4.0 and its implementation with selected practical schedules. Energies, 14(4), 940, pp. 1-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040940
[27] Hermann, M., Pentek, T. and Otto, B., 2016, January. Design principles for Industry 4.0 scenarios. Proceedings of the 49th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science, January 5–8, 2016, Maui, Hawaii, USA. IEEE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2016.488
[28] Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H.G., Feld, T. and Hoffmann, M., 2014. Industry 4.0. Business & information systems engineering, 6(1), pp.239-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-014-0334-4
[29] Tortorella, G.L. and Fettermann, D., 2018. Implementation of Industry 4.0 and lean production in Brazilian manufacturing companies. International journal of production research, 56(8), pp.2975-2987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2017.1391420
[30] Mohamed, M., 2018. Challenges and benefits of industry 4.0: An overview. International Journal of Supply and Operations Management, 5(3), pp.256-265.
[31] Kuo, C.J., Ting, K.C., Chen, Y.C., Yang, D.L. and Chen, H.M., 2017. Automatic machine status prediction in the era of Industry 4.0: Case study of machines in a spring factory. Journal of Systems Architecture, 81(1), pp.44-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2017.10.007
[32] Mrugalska, B. and Wyrwicka, M.K., 2017. Towards lean production in industry 4.0. Procedia engineering, 182, pp.466-473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.135
[33] Narula, S., Prakash, S., Dwivedy, M., Talwar, V. and Tiwari, S.P., 2020. Industry 4.0 adoption key factors: an empirical study on manufacturing industry. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 17(5), pp.697-725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JAMR-03-2020-0039
[34] Yacout, S., 2019, October. Industrial value chain research and applications for industry 4.0. In In 4th north america conference on industrial engineering and operations management, toronto, canada.
[35] Qin, J., Y. Liu, and R. Grosvenor. 2016. “A Categorical Framework of Manufacturing for Industry 4.0 and beyond.” Procedia CIRP 52: 173–178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.08.005
[36] Zhou, K., Liu, T. and Zhou, L., 2015, August. Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges. In 2015 12th International conference on fuzzy systems and knowledge discovery (FSKD) (pp. 2147-2152). IEEE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/FSKD.2015.7382284
[37] Witkowski, K., 2017. Internet of things, big data, industry 4.0–innovative solutions in logistics and supply chains management. Procedia engineering, 182, pp.763-769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.197
[38] Lu, Y., 2017. Industry 4.0: A survey on technologies, applications and open research issues. Journal of industrial information integration, 6(1), pp.1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2017.04.005
[39] Ghobakhloo, M., 2020. Industry 4.0, digitization, and opportunities for sustainability. Journal of cleaner production, 252(1), p.119869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119869
[40] Sajdak, M., Młody, M., Weinert, A. and Wójtowicz, Ł., 2022. How Industry 4.0 supports the strategic agility of companies. A systematic literature review. Central European Review of Economics & Finance, 41(6), pp.27-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2022.022
[41] Rijwani, T., Kumari, S., Srinivas, R., Abhishek, K., Iyer, G., Vara, H., Dubey, S., Revathi, V. and Gupta, M., 2025. Industry 5.0: A review of emerging trends and transformative technologies in the next industrial revolution. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 19(2), pp.667-679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-024-01943-7
[42] Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R.P., Suman, R. and Gonzalez, E.S., 2022. Understanding the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in improving environmental sustainability. Sustainable operations and computers, 3(1), pp.203-217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.01.008
[43] Ghobakhloo, M., Iranmanesh, M., Tseng, M.L., Grybauskas, A., Stefanini, A. and Amran, A., 2023. Behind the definition of Industry 5.0: a systematic review of technologies, principles, components, and values. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 40(6), pp.432-447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21681015.2023.2216701
[44] Soori, M., Arezoo, B. and Dastres, R., 2023. Internet of things for smart factories in industry 4.0, a review. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, 3(1), pp.192-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.04.006
[45] Li, X., Zhu, L., Chu, X. and Fu, H., 2020. Edge computing‐enabled wireless sensor networks for multiple data collection tasks in smart agriculture. Journal of Sensors, 2020(1), 4398061, pp.1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4398061
[46] Adel, A., 2022. Future of industry 5.0 in society: human-centric solutions, challenges, and prospective research areas. Journal of Cloud Computing, 11(1), 40, pp. 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-022-00314-5
[47] Guerreiro, G., Figueiras, P., Costa, R., Marques, M., Graça, D., Garcia, G. and Jardim-Gonçalves, R., 2019, November. A digital twin for intra-logistics process planning for the automotive sector supported by big data analytics. Proceedings of the ASME 2019, International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, IMECE2019, November 11-14, 2019, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2019-11362
[48] Cañas, H., Mula, J., Díaz-Madroñero, M. and Campuzano-Bolarín, F., 2021. Implementing industry 4.0 principles. Computers & industrial engineering, 158, p.107379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107379
[49] Khosravy, M., Gupta, N., Pasquali, A., Dey, N., Crespo, R.G. and Witkowski, O., 2023. Human-collaborative artificial intelligence along with social values in industry 5.0: A survey of the state-of-the-art. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, 16(1), pp.165-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TCDS.2023.3326192
[50] Abdel-Basset, M., Mohamed, R. and Chang, V., 2025. A multi-criteria decision-making framework to evaluate the impact of industry 5.0 technologies: case study, lessons learned, challenges and future directions. Information Systems Frontiers, 27(2), pp.791-821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-024-10472-3
[51] Mukherjee, A.A., Raj, A. and Aggarwal, S., 2023. Identification of barriers and their mitigation strategies for industry 5.0 implementation in emerging economies. International Journal of Production Economics, 257(1), p.108770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2023.108770
[52] Gomaa, A.H., 2026. Supply Chain Risk Management for Sustainable and Resilient Operations: A Comprehensive Review and Strategic Framework in the Era of Industry 4.0-5.0. Transnational Supply Chain Research, 2(1), pp.1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.65773/tscr.2.1.88
[53] Xu, X., Lu, Y., Vogel-Heuser, B. and Wang, L., 2021. Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0—Inception, conception and perception. Journal of manufacturing systems, 61(1), pp.530-535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2021.10.006
[54] Sindhwani, R., Afridi, S., Kumar, A., Banaitis, A., Luthra, S. and Singh, P.L., 2022. Can industry 5.0 revolutionize the wave of resilience and social value creation? A multi-criteria framework to analyze enablers. Technology in Society, 68(1), p.101887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101887
[55] Coronado, E., Kiyokawa, T., Ricardez, G.A.G., Ramirez-Alpizar, I.G., Venture, G. and Yamanobe, N., 2022. Evaluating quality in human-robot interaction: A systematic search and classification of performance and human-centered factors, measures and metrics towards an industry 5.0. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 63, pp.392-410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.04.007
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Attia Hussien Gomaa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All the articles published by this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
